Stolperstein

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A stolperstein ( German pronunciation: ['? T? Lp? ?? ta? n] , literally "stumbling block", metaphorically "stumbling block" or stone to "stumble", plural stolpersteine ​​ ) is a stone size (10 x 10 cm (3.9 in 3.9 inches)) a concrete cube bearing a brass plate bearing the name and date of life of an exterminator or Nazi persecution. The stolperstein art project was initiated by German artist Gunter Demnig in 1992, and is still ongoing. It aims to commemorate individual persons in the last place of residency - or, sometimes, a job - freely chosen by the person before he becomes a Nazi terror victim, euthanasia, eugenics, deported to concentration or extermination. camp, â € <â €

The majority of stolpersteine ​​commemorate Holocaust Jewish victims. Others have been placed for the Sinti and Romani people (also called "gypsies"), homosexuals, physically or mentally disabled people, Jehovah's Witnesses, blacks, Communist Party members, Social Democratic Party and European Anti-Nazis. , the Christian opposition (both Protestant and Catholic), and the Freemasons, along with the International Brigade army in the Spanish Civil War, military defectors, conscientious opponents, escaped from servants, capitulators, "ordinary criminals", looters, and others accused of betrayal, military disobedience, or undermining the Nazi military, as well as Allied troops.

Video Stolperstein

Asal nama

The project name stolperstein invites a lot of satire: In Nazi Germany, an antisemit remark, when accidentally found a prominent stone, is: "A Jew must be buried here". In a metaphorical sense, the German term Stolperstein can mean "potential problem". The term "to find something", in German and English, can also mean "to find out (by chance)". Thus, the provocative term triggers anti-Semitic comments from the past, but at the same time intends to provoke thoughts about serious problems. Stolpersteine ​​â € <â € < is not placed clearly, but somewhat found by chance, can only be recognized when passing from close range. Unlike the central memorials, which Demnig can easily avoid or skip, stolpersteine ​​â € <â € represents a much deeper interruption of memory into everyday life.

Stolpersteine ​​â € <â € < placed right on the sidewalk. When Jewish graves were destroyed throughout Nazi Germany, tombstones were often transformed as paving sidewalks. Desertion of implicit mind memories is intended, because one must walk on a tombstone and step on an inscription. The stolpersteine ​​provocatively signaled this blasphemy, as they did not have some sort of defense against new shame. While the art project is thus intent on keeping the memory alive, implying that improper conduct can easily happen again, the lack of a deliberate defense against the potential for desecration also creates criticism and attention. Some German cities like Munich still do not accept the stolpersteine ​​ setting, and look for alternate warning ways instead.

Maps Stolperstein

"Here stay..."

Research on the future of stolperstein is usually done by local schoolchildren and their teachers, relatives of victims, or local historical organizations. Yad Vashem's database in Jerusalem and an online database version of the German Minority Census of 1939 were used to look up the names and addresses of the Nazi victims.

When research on a particular person is completed, Demnig sets out to produce individual stolperstein. The person's name and date of birth, deportation and death, if known, are engraved on the brass plate. The words Hier wohnte... ("Here life...") were written on most of the plates, stressing that the victims of prosecution did not live and work in anonymous places, but "right here". The stolperstein is then inserted at a flat level onto the street or sidewalk, in the last known spot of a freely chosen residence or occupation, in order to "roam passersby" and draw attention to the warning.

The cost of stolperstine is covered by individual donations, local public fundraising, contemporary witnesses, school classes, or public funds. From the beginning of the project until 2012, one stolperstein costs EUR95. In 2012, the price increased to EUR120. Every individual stolperstein is still produced by hand, so only about 440 can be produced per month. Today, it may take up to several months from the app for new stolperstein until it's finally installed.

Stolperstein first

On December 16, 1992, 50 years have passed since Heinrich Himmler signed the so-called Auschwitz-Erlass ("Auschwitz Decision"), ordered the deportation of Sinti and Rome to slaughter camps. This commandment marks the beginning of mass deportation of Jews from Germany. To commemorate this date, Gunter Demnig traces the "road to deportation" by pulling a self-paved sidewalk rolling machine through the inner city to the train station, where deportees take the train to extermination camps. After that, he installed the first stolperstein in front of the Historical Town Hall of Cologne. On the brass plate is engraved the first line of Auschwitz's decision. Demnig also intended to contribute to the ongoing debate over the granting of the right to stay in Germany to the Romans who had fled from the former Yugoslavia.

Gradually, the idea emerged to extend the memorial project to include all the victims of the Nazi persecution, and to always do so in the last places of their free residence. A stolperstein will symbolically bring back victims to their neighborhood, to places where they are entitled, even years after they are deported. In 1993, Gunter Demnig published more details of his project, and outlined his artistic concept in contributions to the project GrÃÆ'¶ÃÆ'Ÿenwahn - Kunstprojekte fÃÆ'¼r Europa ("Megalomania: Art Project for Europe"). In 1994, he exhibited 250 stolpersteine ​​for the Sinti and Rome killed at St. Anthony's Church in Cologne, encouraged by Kurt Pick, the parish priest. This church, located in the center of Cologne city, has served as an important warning institution, and is part of the Cross of Nails community since 2016. In January 1995, the stolperstine was taken to various locations in the city of Cologne, and placed in different locations. to the sidewalk.

55 stolpersteine ​​was founded in the Kreuzberg neighborhood of Berlin in 1996, during the "Auschwitz Artists Research" project. In 1997, the first two stolpersteine ​​were placed in St. Georgen, Austria, commemorates Jehovah's Witnesses Matthias and Johann Nobis. This has been suggested by Andreas Maislinger, founder of KNIE Arts Initiative and Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service. Friedrich Amerhauser was the first mayor to grant permission to install stolpersteine ​​in his town. Four years later, Demnig got permission to install 600 stolpersteine ​​again in Cologne.

Emerging warnings

In October 2007, Gunter Demnig has placed over 13,000 stolpersteine ​​in more than 280 cities. He expanded his project beyond the German border into Austria, Italy, the Netherlands and Hungary. Some stolpersteine ​​ are scheduled to be placed in Poland on September 1, 2006, but the permit is withdrawn, and the project is canceled.

On July 24, 2009, the 20,000th stolperstein was inaugurated in the Rotherbaum district of Hamburg, Germany. Gunter Demnig, representatives of the Hamburg government and the Jewish community, and the descendants of the victims present. On May 15, 2010, over 22,000 stoolperstein were set in 530 European cities and towns, in eight countries that were previously under Nazi control or occupied by Nazi Germany. As of July 8, 2010, the number of stolpeakers has increased to more than 25,000, in 569 cities and towns. On June 24, 2011, Demnig has installed 30,000 stolpersteine ​​â € <â € <.

In 2013, Gunter Demnig stated on his website:

There are already more than 32,000 stolpersteine ​​in over 700 locations. Many cities and villages across Europe, not only in Germany, have expressed interest in the project. Stones have been placed in many places in Austria, Hungary, the Netherlands, Belgium, in the Czech Republic, in Poland (seven in Wroclaw, one in Slubice), in Ukraine (Pereiaslav), in Italy (Rome) and Norway (Oslo).

During the talks at TEDxKOELN on May 14, 2013, Gunter Demnig announced the installation of the 40,000th stolperstein, which took place at Oldambt (Drieborg), The Netherlands, on July 3, 2013. It was one of the first 10 stolpersteine ​​in communist Dutch memory who were executed by the German occupation forces after their treachery by their compatriots for hiding Jews and Romans. On January 11, 2015, stolperstein to 50,000 was installed in Torino, Italy for Eleonora Levi.

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Location

Stolpersteine ​​ is always installed in front of the last house the victim chose freely. The most important source for potential sites is the so-called "Judenkartei " (Jewish register), which was founded in the 1939 German census on May 17, 1939. In the case where the actual houses were destroyed during the War World II or during the later restructuring of the cities, some stolpersteine ​​were installed at the site of the former house.

By the end of 2016, Gunter Demnig and his coworkers have installed about 60,000 stones in more than 1,200 cities and cities across Europe:

• Germany (since 1992)
• Austria (since 1997)
• Dutch and Hungarian (since 2007)
• Poland and the Czech Republic (since 2008)
• Belgium and Ukraine (since 2009)
• Italy (since 2010)
• Norway (since 2011)
• Slovak and Slovenian (since 2012)
• France, Croatia, Luxembourg, Russia, and Switzerland (since 2013)
• Romania (since 2014)
• Greek and Spanish (2015)
• Belarus and Lithuania (2016).

Dutch

Since 2007, Demnig has often been invited to place stolpersteine ​​â € <â € < in the Netherlands. The first city to do that is Borne. Beginning in 2016, 82 stolpersteine ​​â € <â € < was installed there. As of January 2016, in total, more than 2,750 stoolperstein have been deployed in 110 Dutch cities and cities, including Amsterdam, The Hague and Rotterdam, but mainly in small towns like Hilversum (92 stolpersteine) <), Gouda (183), Eindhoven (244), Oss and Oudewater (respectively 263). In March 2016 he was in Holland again, placing stones in Hilversum, Monnickendam, and Gouda, and Amsterdam. In the last city he put 74 stones; 250 already placed, and there is demand for 150 more.

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, work on stolpersteine ​​ started on October 8, 2008 in Prague. Today, stolpersteine ​​ is found in almost all regions of the country. By January 2016, the exact number of stolpersteine ​​has not been established, but major work is done in major cities, including Prague, Brno, Olomouc, and Ostrava. In the small towns of Ti? Nov is 15, and in Lomnice u Ti? Nova 9 stolpersteine ​​â € <â € <. One of them commemorates Hana Brady, who was murdered at the age of 13. Since 2010, a stolperstein in T? Ebo? also commemorate his father.

Italy

Working in Italy begins in Rome on January 28, 2010; there are now 207 stolpersteine ​​(in Italian called "pietre d'inchampo") there. In 2012, work continues in the Ligurian, Trentino-Alto Adige/SÃÆ'¼dtirol, and Lombardian regions. Veneto and Tuscany join in 2014, Emilia-Romagna in 2015, Apulia, Abruzzo, and Friuli-Venezia Giulia in 2016, Marche in 2017. In Italy, noticeable differences are observed, compared to other countries: Many stolpersteine ​​is dedicated not only to Jews and members of political resistance but also to disarmed Italian troops deported to Germany and to work as forced laborers there. They were given a special status so that they were not protected as prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions after Italy left the Coalition of axis powers after 8 September 1943.

French

In France where 75,000 Jews were deported to concentration camps, the initial attempt to install Stolpersteine ​​was denied. Particularly, after a year-long campaign in 2011 led by a school girl in the coastal town of La Baule-Escoublac (where 32 Jews, including 8 children, were deported), the Mayor refused to allow the request for Stolpersteine <Â € < to be installed, claiming that to do so may violate the principles of French constitutional sectism ("laÃÆ'¯citÃÆ'Â ©") and freedom of expression ("libertÃÆ'Â d'd") and that they are therefore necessary consult the Conseil d'ÃÆ'â € tat, the French Constitutional Court. In fact, Stolpersteine ​​does not contain a reference to the religion of the commemorated victims and "freedom of expression" never arose in French or European jurisprudence to justify refusal to commemorate individual victims of war crimes. Mayor La Baule has consistently refused to elaborate on the reasons and no records of the La Baule City Council have requested a statement from the Conseil d'Etat regarding these objections.

The first Stolpersteine ​​ is installed in France in 2015 at L'Aiguillon-sur-Mer in Vendà © e.

Other countries

So far, no stolpersteine ​​has been installed in Denmark, as only 2% of Denmark's Danish population is deported, thanks to the successful opposition of the Danish government, which refuses to introduce the Yellow badge and apply the Nuremberg Law in their occupied country.. In particular, more than 7,200 Danish Jews were rescued by Danish citizens shortly before the deportations intended by the Nazi occupants.

Surprisingly, stolpersteine ​​â € <â €

Even in countries where no stolpersteine ​​is installed, such as the United States, the decentralized stolpersteine ​​monument has attracted the attention of the media.

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Stolperschwellen : "From here..."

In special cases Demnig also installs what he calls "Stolperschwellen" ("threshold"), measuring 100 x 10 cm (39 by 4 inches), which serves to commemorate the entire group of victims, at where there are too many people to remember in one place. The text usually starts with the words: " Von hier aus... " ("From here..."). Stolperschwellen is installed in the main station Stralsund. From there, 1,160 psychiatrists were deported in December 1939, victims of the Action T4 forced euthanasia program, and were killed in Wielka Pia nica.

Others stolperschwellen commemorated women forced laborers from GeiÃÆ'Ÿlingen, who were imprisoned in the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp, Holocaust victims in Luxembourg at EttelbrÃÆ'¼ck, forcing workers at Glinde and VÃÆ'¶lklingen, forcibly euthanized victims in Merseburg, and who was deported first, Rome and Sinti from Cologne. Further stolperschwellen is in Bad Buchau, Berlin-Friedenau, Nassau, others in Stralsund, and one in Weingarten. A stolperschwelle was established in Thessaloniki in front of the house where Alois Brunner and Adolf Eichmann planned the deportation and destruction of 96.5% of the Jewish population in the city.

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Public discussion in Germany

Opposition

The town of Villingen-Schwenningen hotly debated the idea of ​​allowing stolpersteine ​​in 2004, but voted against them. There is a warning at the train station and there are plans for a second memorial.

Unlike many other German cities, the Munich city council in 2004 rejected the installation of stolpersteine ​​on public property, following objections raised by the Munich Jewish community (and in particular chairman Charlotte Knobloch, when it was also President of the Jewish Central Council in Germany, and himself a former victim of the Nazi persecution). He objected to the idea that the names of murdered Jews should be inserted on the sidewalk, so that people might accidentally step on them with their feet. The Central Board vice-president, Salomon Korn, however, warmly welcomed the idea at the same time. Christian Ude, the mayor of Munich, warned against "monument inflation". Demnig also took part in the discussion, stating that "he intends to make a warning in the place where deportation begins: in homes where people have lived last". The ban is reviewed and enforced in 2015; other warning methods, such as plaques on the walls of individual houses, and a memorial center displaying the names of deportees from Munich, will be established.

In other cities, permission for projects is preceded by long and sometimes emotional discussions. In Krefeld, the deputy chairman of the Jewish community, Michael Gilad, said that Demnig's warning reminded him of how the Nazis used the Jewish cemetery as a slab for the sidewalk. A compromise is reached that stolperstein can be installed if a prospective site is approved by the homeowner and (if applicable) the victim's family. The city of Pulheim rejected permission to file Stolperstein for 12-year-old Ilse Moses, who was deported from Pulheim and killed by the Nazi regime. Majority in the city council, CDU and FDP, opposed the project and prevented it. Beginning in 2009, 23 Stolpersteine ​​for Antwerp Belgium has been produced but can not be placed due to local resistance to the project. They have been kept in Brussels where they are regularly exhibited.

Support

The majority of German cities welcomed the installation of Stolpersteine. In Frankfurt am Main, which has a long tradition of Jewish life before the Holocaust, the 1000th stolperstein was set in May 2015, and newspapers published progress reports and invitations for citizens to sponsor further warning stones. In Frankfurt, the victim's offspring are not permitted to sponsor stolpersteine; this must be paid by the current occupants of the house, ensuring that they will honor the monument.

Reactions of passers-by

Attention people are drawn towards stolpersteine ​​â €

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Development of tradition of warning

Often the installation of a new stolperstein is announced in the local newspaper or on the official city website and is accompanied by a dhikr meeting. Residents, schoolchildren and families of people who are commemorated on a plate are invited to take part. Often citizens state that they are motivated by the idea that "they are our neighbors", and that they want to remember the names of the victims, or, symbolically, allow the deported to return to the place where they are entitled. If the person remembered on the plate is a Jew, their descendants are invited to attend the installation of the stone, and pray to Kaddish, if they wish to do so.

Stolpersteine ​​is installed in places where they are exposed to all types of climatic conditions, dust and dirt. Since the brass material of the plate has superficial corrosion, it will become dull over time if it is not cleaned from time to time. Demnig recommends cleaning dishes regularly. Many regional initiatives have set the schedule for cleaning and remedial action, when stolpersteine ​​is decorated with flowers or candles. Often remember the days selected for this activity:

• January 27, International Holocaust Remembrance Day.
• November 9, German Memorial Day Kristallnacht

In May 2016, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung issued an invitation to all citizens to clean stolpersteine ​​in front of their house on May 5, 2016, the same day when Israel officially celebrated Yom HaShoah.

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Documentary movie

Sebuah film dokumenter, Stolperstein, dibuat oleh DÃÆ'¶rte Franke pada tahun 2008.

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Galeri

src: www.spurensuche-kreis-pinneberg.de

Stolpstersteine ​​di berbagai negara

• Austria : Stolpersteine ​​di distrik Braunau am Inn
• Belgia : Stolpersteine ​​di Charleroi
• Republik Ceko : Praha : Josefov, MalÃÆ'¡ Strana, Vr? ovice dan Mod? semua - KrÃÆ'¡lovÃÆ' © hradeckÃÆ'½ kraj
• Jerman : Distrik Lake Constance, Weingarten

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Lihat juga

• Daftar kota menurut negara yang memiliki stolpersteine ​​
• Sepatu di Danube Bank
• Culture of Remembrance

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Referensi

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Sumber

• Kurt Walter & amp; AG Spurensuche, Stolpersteine ​​di Duisburg , Evangelischer Kirchenkreis Duisburg/Evangelisches Familienbildungswerk, Duisburg (2005) ISBN 3-00-017730-2 (dalam bahasa Jerman)
• Beate Meyer (editor), Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der Hamburger Juden 1933-1945. Geschichte, Zeugnis, Erinnerung , Landeszentrale fÃÆ'¼r Politische Bildung, Hamburg (2006) (dalam bahasa Jerman)
• Kirsten Serup-Bilfeldt, Stolpersteine. Vergessene Namen, verwehte Spuren. Wegweiser zu KÃÆ'¶lner Schicksalen di der NS-Zeit , Kiepenheuer & amp; Witsch (2003) ISBNÂ 3-462-03535-5 (dalam bahasa Jerman)
• Oswald Burger dan HansjÃÆ'¶rg Straub, Die Levingers. Eine Familie di ÃÆ'Å“berlingen , Eggingen (2002) ISBN 3-86142-117-8 (dalam bahasa Jerman)
• Stumbling Upon Memories (FOTOS)

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Tautan eksternal

• Gunter Demnig dan Stumbling Blocks
• (dalam bahasa Jerman) Beranda Gunter Demnig
• (dalam bahasa Inggris) Beranda Gunter Demnig
• antidef.org.au

Source of the article : Wikipedia