Nissan Leaf

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The Nissan Leaf is a compact five-door electric hatchback car manufactured by Nissan and introduced in Japan and the US in December 2010, followed by various European and Canadian countries in 2011. US Environmental Protection Agency (Official Range The EPA for the 2016 Leaf model with a 30 kWh battery is 172Ã, km (107 miles) with full battery charge, while the range with a smaller 24 kWh battery is 135 km (84 miles), equal to 2014/15 years model. the leaves can be filled from full capacity up to 80% in about 30 minutes using DC fast charging.

More than 300,000 Leafs have been sold worldwide until January 2018, making Leaf the largest high-powered electric car in history in the world. In December 2017, the United States was the largest Leaf market in the world with nearly 114,827 sold, followed by Japan with nearly 72,500 units, and Europe with nearly 68,000 units. In December 2016, the European market is led by Norway with more than 19,400 new units registered, and the UK with 15,000 units by mid September 2016. The Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2013 and 2014.

As an all-electric car, the Nissan Leaf does not produce exhaust pollution or greenhouse gas emissions while operating, and contributes to a reduction in dependence on petroleum. Among the awards and other recognition, Nissan Leaf has won the 2010 Green Vision Car Award, European Car of the Year, World Car of 2011, and Japanese Car of the Year 2011-2012.

Video Nissan Leaf

History of development

Nissan introduced its first battery electric vehicle, Nissan Altra, at the Los Angeles International Auto Show on December 29, 1997. Altra was produced between 1998 and 2002. Only about 200 vehicles were ever produced, and it was primarily used as a fleet vehicle for companies such as electric utilities. Nissan also developed Nissan Hypermini and run a demonstration program for it. The car was sold in limited quantities to supply government fleets and companies in Japan between 1999 and 2001. The Hyperminis small fleet was also tested in several cities in California between 2001 and 2005.

In 2009, Nissan unveiled a prototype electric car EV-11. It is based on Nissan Tiida (Versa in North America), but with a conventional gasoline engine replaced with an all-electric drivetrain, and includes 80Ã, kW (110Ã, hp)/280Ã? M (210Ã, lb? Ft) electric motor, 24 kWh lithium-ion battery packs rated 175 km (109 mi) in LA-4 cycle US Environmental Protection Agency, navigation system and remote control and monitoring via connection phone through Nissan's secure data center to the car. The technology in the previous EV-11 was developed and tested in EV-01 and EV-02 test cars, built with an all-electric powertrain using Nissan Cube (Z11) as a developmental donkey. The EV-11 prototype was on display July 26, 2009. A week later, on August 2, 2009, Nissan launched its production version at Yokohama headquarters and committed to start retail sales in both the North American market and in Japan by the end of 2010.

Maps Nissan Leaf

First generation (2010-2017)

Design

The Leaf's frontal style is characterized by a sharp V-shape design with large headlamps and tilted diodes (LEDs) that create a distinctive blue internal reflective design. The headlights also divide and direct the airflow from the door mirrors, which reduce wind noise and aerodynamic obstacles. LED's low-beam headlamps consume less electricity than halogen lamps.

Nissan is trying to make Leaf attract mainstream drivers by providing a five-door hatchback design that is already familiar. The underside of the car has aerodynamic panels to reduce the obstacles and increase as much aerodynamics as possible. According to Nissan, 2011 MY Leaf has drag coefficient C d = 0.29 upgraded to C d = 0.28 in 2012 for 2013 model year. Auto Car and Driver magazines use wind tunnels to measure C d = 0.32 for MY Leaf 2012.

Powertrain

The Leaf uses a synchronous electric motor with a capacity of 80Ã, kW (110Ã, hp) and 280Ã, N? M (210Ã, ft? Lb) mounted in front of the car driven in front, powered by a 24 kWh lithium ion battery measuring up to 90Ã, kW (120Ã,). hp) power.

This package contains air-cooled, stacked laminated lithium ion manganese oxide batteries.

The 2011/12 Leaf model has a top speed of over 150 km/h (93 mph). Unofficially, 0 to 97 km/h (0 to 60 mph) performance has been tested at 9.9 seconds.

Battery

With a 24 kWh battery (a total capacity, a usable battery capacity of about 21.3 kWh) it consists of 48 modules and each module contains four battery cells, a total of 192 cells, and is assembled by Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) a joint venture between Nissan, NEC and NEC Energy Devices, in Zama, Japan. Battery and joint module weighing 218 kg (480 lb) of specific cell energy is 140 W/h/kg.

The Leaf design places the battery, the heaviest part of EV, under the seat and rear foot chamber, keeping the center of gravity as low as possible and improving structural rigidity compared to a conventional five-door hatchback.

The battery pack is expected to retain 70-80% of its capacity after 10 years but its actual age depends on how often DC fast charging (480-volt DC) is used and also on driving patterns and environmental factors. Nissan says the batteries will lose capacity gradually over time but expect more than ten years of age in normal use. In March 2018, a statistical study comparing the reported battery decline at 30 kWh Leafs and 24 kWh Leafs, with a 30 kWh model showing the same battery capacity as 24 kWh car in 3.5 years, albeit with a possible decrease in battery acceleration in the 30kWh model. The 2011/12 Leaf Battery was originally guaranteed by Nissan for eight years or 160,000 km (100,000 miles) (see the below Warranty sub-section under the United States for a limit). Nissan stated in 2015 that until then only 0.01% of batteries, manufactured since 2010, had to be replaced due to failure or problems and then only because of damage caused from outside. Some vehicles have traveled more than 200,000 km (120,000 miles) without battery problems. In April 2016, Nissan estimated that less than 5 batteries were replaced per year worldwide; about 0.012% of all Leafs since its introduction. Nissan recycles 15-20 batteries per year; in 2016 too little is used for stationary energy storage. Nissan plans to offer recycled batteries as a 4.2 kWh home storage in fall 2016, called xStorage.

In addition to the main battery, the Leaf also has an additional 12-volt lead-acid battery that provides power for car computer systems and accessories such as audio systems, additional curb systems, headlamps and windshield wipers. The small solar panels on the Leaf rear spoiler help charge this accessory battery. (In the United States model, only comes with SL trim.)

For the 2011 model Leafs, Nissan recommends owners take the following precautions to help maximize the life of the lithium-ion battery and its ability to withstand cargo:

• Avoid exposing the vehicle to ambient temperatures above 120Ã, Â ° F (49Ã, Â ° C) for more than 24 hours.
• Avoid storing vehicles at temperatures below -13Ã, Â ° F (-25Ã, Â ° C) for more than 7 days.
• Avoid exceeding 70% to 80% charging status when frequently using (more than once a week) fast or fast charging.
• Let the battery charge drop below 80% before charging.
• Avoid leaving the vehicle for more than 14 days in which the available Li-ion battery measures the charge to reach zero or near zero (fill status).

As a result of the controversy over several US owners who reported losing battery capacity in hot climates, Nissan USA announced in January 2012, that it will offer a battery lease extension in 2013 that covers 2011 and 2012 of the same year. Leaf 2013 is protected by the "Health Country" clause which includes a gradual loss of capacity. This provision allows the battery to be repaired or replaced if the battery life is reduced faster than anticipated during the eight-year warranty period.

Battery replacement program

Beginning in 2014 Leaf owners can sign up to pay monthly fees, and receive new batteries with the latest available technologies that are compatible with their vehicles. The replacement battery has a full 12 bar capacity (100%). Nissan says the replacement package will maintain at least nine bars (70% capacity) or more capacity for the time they have their car and make monthly payments. Leaf owners can also buy new batteries at discounted prices.

Range

2011/12 model year

The United States Environment Protection Agency's official range is 117 km (73 miles), far fewer than the 160 km (100 miles) cited by Nissan. The Federal Trade Commission, which should label all alternative fuel vehicles, does not agree with EPA ratings, and considers that the correct range is between 154 to 177 km (96 to 110 miles). Although the FTC does not conduct its own tests as well as the EPA, the FTC relies on standards set by SAE International and results reported by car makers. The Leaf has a range of 175 km (109 miles) on the New European Driving Cycle.

Based on third-party trials conducted in the US, reviewers have found that the available ranges from one bill can vary by up to 40% in real-world situations; reports vary from about 100 km (62 miles) to nearly 222 km (138 miles) depending on the driving force, load, traffic conditions, weather (ie, wind, atmospheric density), and use of accessories. Nissan tested Leaf under several scenarios to estimate real-world coverage figures, and got the worst scenario of 76 km (47 miles) and the best scenario of 222 km (138 miles). The following table summarizes the results under each scenario tested using the EPA L4 testing cycle and presents the EPA ratings as a reference:

Consumer Reports tested the 2011/12 Leaf model borrowers in cold weather that were encouraged as daily commuters. The average range obtained is 105 km (65 miles) per load with temperatures varying from 20 to 30 Â ° F (-7 to -1 Â ° C). The magazine also reports one trip below the temperature of 10Ã, Â ° F (-12Ã, Â ° C) which starts with a panel indicator that indicates the range of 32Ã, km (20 miles) remaining. After 13 km (8 miles) the Leaf drastically loses strength and drops its speed and keeps running slower until the last stretch finishes almost at walking speed. Consumer Reports concluded that Leaves function as designed under cold temperatures but more accurate distance indicators are desirable.

In June 2011, Nissan reported, based on data collected through Leaf's advanced telecommunication systems, that most Leaf owners in Japan and the United States covered less than 100 km (60 miles) per day. Nissan also found that the average owner filled their electric cars for two hours a night, and sometimes some owners drove for two days with a single charge. In October 2011, Nissan North America reported that based on a larger sample of 7,500 Leafs on US roads, the average driver averaged 60 km (37 miles) per day and the average travel length was 11 km (7 miles) , measured as the distance between the power of life and death.

In spring 2012, the Finnish auto magazine Tekniikan Maailma tested Leaf in a city driving at -15 ° C (5 ° F). They reach a distance of 59 km (37 miles) with cabins and battery heaters.

model year 2013

According to Nissan, the 2013 US model year Leaf has a more efficient heating system that allows Leaf to extend its reach in cold weather conditions of 32 to 40 km (20 to 25 miles). The EPA rating is 121 km (75 miles) from 117 km (73 miles) in the previous model. Nissan explained that in fact this ranking can not be compared, because for the 2013 model year EPA changed the test procedure to calculate the range for electric cars. Prior to 2013, agencies estimated the assumption range of battery packs charged to 100% of capacity. Nissan estimates that the 2013 Leaf has a range of 135 km (84 miles) of 100% charge (Long-Distance Mode charging), while the range drops to 106 km (66 miles) to 80% charge (Long-Life Mode charging)). The new EPA testing procedure takes into account the average of these two ranges. Increased Remote Mode Reach comes from improved regenerative Leaf braking system, overall weight reduction and aerodynamic enhancement.

The European version of 2013, has a certified range of 200 km (120 miles) under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), up from 175 km (109 mi) for the 2011/12 model.

2014/15 year model

The official EPA range for leaves 2014 and 2015 increases from 121 to 135 km (75 to 84 miles). The difference in range is due to technicality, as Nissan decided to eliminate the EPA's mixed range range, which is the average of the 80% load range and 100% load range. For 2014 model, only 100% cost range numbers apply.

2016 model

Nissan added more battery capacity that increases the range of cars with full payload. The larger 30 kWh battery is on the SL and SV trims, and the S trim initially stores the smaller 24 kWh battery found in the previous Leafs. However, in the midst of the 2016 model year, Nissan changed batteries in its Leaf S base model from 24 kWh to 30 kWh.

The official EPA range for Leaf 2016 with a 30 kWh battery is 172 km (107 miles), while the range for Leaf with 24 kWh smaller is 135 km (84 miles), same as the 2014/15 model year.

Fuel economy

Under the five-cycle test, the US Environmental Protection Agency found that Daun model energy consumption in 2011 was 21.2 kWh/100 km (34 kWh/100 miles) and gave the combined Leaf fuel economy of 99 miles per gallon equivalent - MPGeÃ, - (2.4Ã, L/100Ã, km), with an equivalent of 106 mpg _-US (2.2Ã, L/100Ã, km; 127 mpg _-imp ) in city driving and 92 mpg _-US (2.6 L/100 km; 110 mpg _-imp ) on the highway.

For the 2013 Leaf model, Nissan achieved a 15% increase from its combined EPA fuel economy rating. According to EPA, 2013's Leaves increase energy consumption to 115 mpg-e (30 kW h/100 mi; 18.6 kW? H/100 km) from 99 mpg-e (35 kW h/100 mi; , Km), giving 129 mpg-e (27 kW? H/100 mi; 16.6 kW? H/100 km) in the city and 102 mpg -e (34 kW? H/100 mi; 21 kW)? h/100Ã, km) on the road.

According to the EPA, 2014 and 2015 years the Leafs year model has an energy consumption of 30 kWh/100 miles, for city/highway ranking of 114 mpg-e (30 kW/100 mi; 18.7 kW? H/100 km) combined; 126 MPGe (27.3 kW H/100 mi; 17.0 kW H/100 km) city and 101Ã, MPGe (34.0 kW? H/100Ã, mi; 21.2 kW? H/100 km km ) Highway.

The Leaf 2016 with a smaller 24 kWh battery has the same rank and energy consumption as the 2014/15 model, while the trim with 30 kWh larger has the same energy consumption of 30 kWh/100 mil, but rated 112 MPGe (30.7% ). Ã, kW? H/100Ã, mi; 19.1 kW? H/100Ã, km) for combined city/highway; 124Ã, MPGe (27.7 kW? H/100Ã, mi; 17.2 kW? H/100Ã, km) city and 101Ã, MPGe (34.0 kW? H/100Ã, mi; 21,2 kW? H/100Ã, km) highway.

Operating costs

According to Consumer Reports , as of December 2011, Nissan Leaf has an operating expense of 3.5 cents per mile (2.19 ¢ per km) while the heavier Chevrolet Volt has a charge in electric mode 3.8 cents per mile (2.38 ¢ per km). This cost is based on the national average electricity tariffs of US of 11 cents per kWh and estimated energy consumption from their own testing. Consumer magazines also compare the Leaf with the most efficient hybrid cars and gasoline-powered automobiles as tested by Consumer Reports . The results are summarized in the following table, and the analysis found that Leaf's operating costs are much less than half of gasoline-powered automobiles for travel up to 110 km (70 miles), which is close to the maximum range of Leaf. Volt when in EV mode has a mile-per-mile cost but because of the greater distance of its 56 km (35 miles) electric range, Leaf's superiority equals other cars. Consumer Reports also notes that even with much higher electricity tariffs than 19 cents per kWh, like the Connecticut countryside, Leaf still costs about 20% less to operate than the Prius and about 50% less than the Leaf crown.

According to Nissan, Leaf's operating costs in the UK are 1.75 pence per mile (1.09p per km) when charging power outside the peak, while conventional gasoline-powered cars cost more than 10 cents per mile (6.25 p per km). This estimate is based on the national average of UK Gas Economy 7 as of January 2012, and it is assumed 7 hours of overnight charging at night tariff and one hour during the day is charged at the Tier-2 daytime rate.

Tax incentives

According to Edmunds.com, the premium price paid for Leaf, after a US $ 7.500 federal tax credit, may take a long time for consumers to recover in fuel savings. In February 2012, Edmunds compared the medium-sized Leaf (with a price US $ 28,550 ) with a compact gasoline-powered Nissan Versa (at a price US $ 19,656 ) and found that the return period for Leaf is nine years for gasoline at US $ 3 per gallon, seven years on US $ 4 per gallon, and drops to five years at a price of gasoline at US $ 5 per gallon. Considering the price of gasoline in early 2012, the breakeven period is seven years. This estimate assumes an average of 24,000 km (15,000 miles) of annual driving and vehicle prices in line with the actual estimated market value of Edmunds.com. For the same two vehicles, the US EPA estimates the Leaf's annual fuel cost at <$ 612 while Versa's annual fuel cost is US $ 1,860 . Estimated EPA is based on 45% of highways and 55% of city driving, over 15,000 miles annually; gasoline price US $ 3.72 per gallon and electricity price US $ 0.12 per kWh.

In a similar comparison conducted in April 2012, by TrueCar.com for The New York Times , the analysis found that with gasoline prices US $ 3.85 per gallon, the return period required for Leaf to compensate for the difference of almost US $ 10,000 in purchase versus Nissan Versa, takes 8.7 years. This analysis assumes an average of 15,000 miles per year, fuel economy 33.6 mpg _-US (7.0 L/100 km; 40.4 mpg _-imp ) for Versa, with a price of US $ 18,640 , and the price of Leaf US $ 28,421 , after discounting federal taxes US $ 7,500 . Payout time drops to 6 years if gasoline is priced US $ 5 per gallon. The newspaper also reported that according to the Lundberg Survey in March 2012, the price of gasoline would need to reach $ 8.53 per gallon for the Leaf to be competitive with the same gasoline-powered car in 6 years the average person owns a car , while the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid requires gasoline prices US $ 12.50 per gallon to break even.

Total cost of ownership

According to a study published in June 2013, by the Electric Power Research Institute, the total cost of ownership of Nissan Leaf SV 2013 is substantially lower than that of conventional and hybrid vehicles that are comparable. For comparison, this study builds average hybrid and conventional vehicles and assumes an average of US distance per distribution trip. The study takes into account the suggested retail prices of manufacturers, taxes, credits, destination costs, charging stations, fuel costs, maintenance costs, and additional costs due to the use of petrol vehicles for travel outside the reach of the Leaf.

Environmental footprint

In February 2014, the Automotive Science Group (ASG) published the results of a study conducted to assess the life cycle of more than 1,300 cars in nine categories sold in North America. The study found that among sophisticated automotive technologies, the Nissan Leaf holds the smallest environmental footprint cycle of any 2014 model car available in the North American market with a minimum occupancy of four people. The study concludes that the increased environmental impact of battery power technology manufacturing is more than offset by improvements in environmental performance over the operational life. For assessment, this study used an average electric blend of US grids in 2014.

In December 2014, Nissan announced that the owner of Leaf had collected together 1 billion kilometers (625 million miles) driven. This number of electric miles translates into avoiding 180 million kilograms of CO ₂ emissions by driving an electric car compared to traveling on a gasoline-powered car. In December 2016, Nissan reported that Leaf owners worldwide reached a milestone of 3 billion miles (1.9 billion miles) that were collectively pushed until November 2016, saving nearly 500 million kilograms of CO ₂ emissions.

Reload

Contain refill varies between models. The Leaf, with the SL option, has two charging sockets: standard SAE J1772-2009 connector for 1 and 2 power chargers (120/220Ã, volt AC) and a Jet high-voltage DC connector designed by TEPCO for fast DC charging (500 volt DC 125 amps) using the CHAdeMO protocol. Beginning at the end of 2016, all three models (S, SV, and SL) are equipped with both charging containers.

Models with fully rechargeable 3.6 kW on-board charger from empty within 8 hours of a 30 amp/300-volt 30 amp (5.2 kW allowable allowance) that can provide an on-board charger with full 3.6 kW of power can be used. Models with an on-board 6.6 kW charger can be fully recharged from empty within 4 hours of a supply of 40 amps 220 volts 220 (7.7 kW allowable balance) that can provide a full 6.6 kW on-board charger from power that can used.

In North America and Japan, using standard household outlets (120-volt, 15 amp breaker, 12 amps allowable maximum, 1.4 kW) and 7.5 meter (25 feet) cable included by Nissan, Leaf will regain about 5 miles per hour range. This type of filling is ideal for commuters that can be plugged into standard home and office outlets for 21 hours a day typical of North American cars parked. It is also useful for emergency charging of any 120 volt outlets everywhere anywhere in North America.

US electricity regulations require 240 volt charging stations to be permanently flown unless appropriate interlock mechanisms are available to ensure charging currents can be safely turned on and off. Nissan chose AeroVironment to provide docking and charging services in North America (see the United States section below for more details).

For models with DC fast charging, the battery can be recharged to 80% full capacity in about 30 minutes. Nissan developed its own 500-volt DC charger sold in Japan at a price of  ¥ 1,470,000 (approximately US $ 16,800 ) in May 2010. Nissan warned that if fast charging is the way main recharging, then a normal and gradual battery capacity is about 10% more than the usual 220 volt charging over a 10 year period. Other companies create compatible charging stations, and local companies and governments have initiatives to create a network of public charging stations (see electric vehicle network).

Technology

Nissan Leaf uses a sophisticated telematics system called CarWings which was originally only available in Japan. The system sends and receives data via a built-in GPRS radio similar to cellular phone connectivity. Carwings are connected whenever the car is within range of the cell tower and allows for some user functions, such as the position and possible reach of which maps and charging stations are available within range. The system also tracks and compiles statistics about mileage and energy consumption and produces daily, monthly and yearly reports from these and some other operational parameters. All information is available on the Leaf digital screen.

Security

NHTSA ranked 2011 and 2012 as five stars overall. The 2013 and 2014 model year rankings are 4 stars overall due to lower scores for passengers on the front and side tests.

Nissan Leaf won the "Top Safety Pick" awarded by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety in 2011. The Leaf received the top ranking "Good" for front, side and back collision tests, as well as on rollover protection. All measurements of injury except one were considered good, indicating low risk of low injury in accidents according to the severity scale used in the IIHS test. The European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) gives Leaf the highest five-star car security rating, earning the following ratings for each criteria:

Accident and rescue handling

In December 2010, Nissan published a guide for first responders detailing procedures to deal with the damaged Leaf 2011 at the crash site. The steps include a manual high-voltage system shutdown, after an assumed auto termination, built into the car's safety system. Rescue personnel are instructed by Nissan to disconnect the high voltage system and 12V system before performing any first response action.

The Nissan Leaf battery pack is protected from accidental damage by structural steel reinforcement. To prevent shock and fire hazards, Leaf has a battery-activated security system in an accident involving airbags. The airbag control unit sends a signal that mechanically breaks the high voltage from the vehicle.

In December 2011, Nissan reported, as an indication of Leaf's safety performance, that none of the approximately two dozen Leafs that were destroyed during the March 2011 tsunami burned and their batteries remained intact. Beginning in December 2011, no fire after a reported accident in the US is linked to Leaf or other plug-in power cars available in the market.

Warning sound

Due to significant noise reduction typical of electric vehicles traveling at low speeds, Leaf 2011 includes digital warning sounds, one for forward and other moves to reverse, to warn pedestrians, blind people, and others of its presence. For this purpose Nissan created the Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle (VSP) system, which is also used in the Nissan Fuga hybrid. The developed system makes noise audible for those outside to be aware of the approaching vehicles, but the warning sound does not distract the inhabitants of the car inside. Nissan explained that during the sound development, they studied behavioral research of the blind and worked with cognitive and acoustic psychologists. The sine wave sound system sweeps from 2.5 kHz at high end to low 600 Hz, a range that is easily audible across age groups. Depending on the speed and if the Leaf accelerates or slows down, the sound system produces a high sweeping, low sound. The sound system stops operating when the Nissan Leaf reaches 30 km/h (18.6 mph) and moves again when the car slows to below 25 km/h (15.5 mph). For the 2011 model, the driver can turn off temporary sounds through switches in the vehicle, but the system automatically resets to "On" in the next ignition cycle. The system is controlled via a computer and synthesizer in the dash panel, and the sound is delivered through the speakers on the front wheels of the front drivers well. Nissan removed the ability to disable pedestrian warnings between 2011 and 2012 models to anticipate the US decision issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Agency.

After a new vote was published, the US Blind National Federation commented that "while it is glad that the warning exists, it is unhappy that the driver can turn it off." The Leaf electric warning sound should be issued to cars shipped in the UK, because state legislation mandates that any warning sound of danger should be able to be disabled between 11:00. and 6:00 am, and the warning system that Leaf can hear does not allow such temporary disabling.

model year 2013

Japanese market

In November 2012, Nissan announced the updated 2013 model specification, Leaf aimed at the Japanese market. The upgraded version provides a 14% increase in the Japanese cycle, allowing full travel distance to go from 200 to 228 km (124 to 142 miles). In addition to adjusting regenerative braking to increase power generation, Nissan reduced the weight of Leaf by integrating electric motors, inverters, and AC/DC converters, achieving combined weight reductions for 10% parts. Also, lighter parts are used throughout, and improved battery modules and more integrated electronic units together reduce the car's mass by more than 77 kg (170 pounds), 5% from the previous version.

The 2013 leaves have larger stems, with their volume increasing from 330 to 370 liters (11.6 to 13 cm). Extra space is freed by moving the minimized charger from the back of the car forward. Other improvements include a new gauge that tells the driver what the remaining battery capacity is based on the percentage, and the long-lasting battery mode is now available in any charging mode, which charges up to 80% of battery life to improve its lifespan. Also, Nissan will introduce in the Japanese market a lower-priced entry-level model with fewer equipment, called the S trim. This model will be priced just under Ã, Â ¥ 2.5 million (approximately US $ 29,700 ), almost half a million yen (about US $ 5,950 ) cheaper than the previous year's entry price.

American Market

The 2013 model Leaf aimed at the US market has some major improvements similar to the Japanese version, better range, faster charging capabilities, more efficient cabin heaters, and lower starting prices. According to Nissan USA, some changes are trying to address the lack of previous Leaf versions, and feedback from Leaf owners is considered. The 2013 Leaf model provides a higher range than the 2012 model with the same 24 kWh battery pack. The efficiency gains come from a combination of improvements for aerodynamics through tweaks to the front fascia allowing the reduction of drag coefficients; more efficient heaters; addition of B-mode driver selection that enhances regenerative braking; and energy/range management.

The 2013 model offers a dashboard display of battery charging status based on a percentage, as requested by the Leaf owner. The 6.6-kW onboard charger, available as an additional cost option on the base model, reduces the 240-volt charging time. This increase means adding about 32 km (20 miles) in an hour of charging instead of about 19 km (12 miles) using a 3.6-kW charger in the 2012 model. A full charge from empty to full takes about four hours instead of seven hours.

The charge port area is now equipped with light not provided on the previous model, and the ability to open port doors from inside the car or by using the fob button. The onboard Charger in all 2013 Leafs has also been reduced in size and moved to a new position under the hood, which increases cargo volume. The new basic slim rate is called the Leaf S model, and is the result of a strategy for affordability. S trim replaces LED headlamps with cheaper projector beams, and uses a 16-inch steel wheel with a plastic cover rather than alloy wheels. Basic pruning does not include remote navigation and connectivity systems that allow the driver to activate climate control and monitor battery charging remotely using a smartphone. LED headlamps, fog lamps, 17-inch alloy wheels and leather seating, are provided for higher trim SL. Additional premium upgrades to the SL trim include a Bose seven speaker audio system and a viewing monitor, which puts the camera in front, behind and on the side mirror for parking assistance.

Nissan Leaf S's new 2013 base rate starts at US $ 28,800 , medium-sized Leaf SV at US $ 31.820 , and high end Leaf SL trim starts at US $ 34840 . All prices have an added cost charge of US $ 850 .

European Market

The 2013 European version has many similar improvements to the Japanese and US versions, including extended ranges, greater recycling power, more interior space, better charging performance, and more equipment. Also three versions will be available: Visia, Acenta and Tekna. The Visia version has a lower starting price than the previous model, and the Tekna model has more standard equipment than the 2011/2012 Leaf. The European version was introduced at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show, and production of the 2013 model begins in March 2013 at the Sunderland plant in the UK, and sales begin in June 2013. The 2013 Leaf Price produced at Sunderland is lower than the one built in Japan, and to further reduce the price buy with GBÃ, Â £ 5,000 , Nissan offers battery lease options for all trims manufactured in Sunderland. Leasing options are also available in some European countries, reducing the purchase price of EUR5,900. This move, among other things, helped reduce the selling price in Germany, for example, from around EUR37,000 in April 2012 (with batteries) to around EUR24,000 in July 2013 (excluding battery lease EUR79 per month).

2014 year model

American Market

The model leaves of 2014 go on sale in December 2013 in the US. The 2014 leaves are mostly the same as the 2013 model, except:

• The Back View Monitor will now be standard on all trims
• An updated EV-IT function with voice destination and SMS readout
Second generation (2017-present)

src: hips.hearstapps.com

range>

On October 2, 2017, for the 2018 model year, Nissan launched a new generation Leaf in Japan, although delivery to some customers was delayed due to security inspection issues. This vehicle has a 40 kWh battery with an EPA range of 243 km (151 miles) with a single charge. The electric motor produces 110 kilowatts (147 hp) and 320 newton meters (236Ã, lb? Ft) of torque. It costs through either the usual 6.6 kW plug (SAE J1772 in US/Japan, or Type 2 connector in EU countries) or CHAD 50m kW, and has the ability to send power back to the grid. Propilot Assist is available at the highest level at an additional cost. Propylot system has centering lane technology.

Nissan plans expansion into additional markets by early 2018. The 2019 Nissan Leaf model year, to be offered by the end of 2018 will have a 60 kWh package for more than 360 km (225 miles) of range.

src: icdn1.digitaltrends.com

Production

In March 2013, Nissan has an installed capacity to produce 250,000 Leafs per year, 150,000 in Smyrna, US, 50,000 in Oppama, Japan, and 50,000 in Sunderland, England.

Oppama, Japan

The first vehicle sold in the US was produced at Nissan's plant in Oppama, Japan, which began production on October 22, 2010. The plant has an annual production capacity of 50,000 vehicles. The production of electric cars was disrupted for several months starting in March 2011 due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan, and as a result, Nissan announced it could not achieve its 2011 production target of 50,000 Leafs. Nissan is expected to increase sales in 2012 to 40,000 units from 20,000 in 2011, as production returns to normal output and Leaf becomes available in more European countries and more regional markets in the US.

With cumulative sales of more than 49,000 Leafs by December 2012, Nissan only achieved a 22% increase in sales during 2012, which Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn said "disappointing for us." Mr Ghosn cites the adverse dollar-yen exchange rate as one of the factors affecting Leaf prices. He also said that they realized the price of the original Leaf model was a problem, and the decision to drop the price in the 2013 model year of the Leaf by 18% was possible due to the start of US production of the battery car on a new assembly line in Smyrna, Tennessee, which would reduce production costs. Nissan has also taken other steps to improve production efficiency and lower component costs - especially for batteries, the most expensive part of an electric vehicle.

Smyrna, U.S., Smyrna, U.S., Smyrna, U.S.

Commercial US production begins in January 2013, at Nissan's manufacturing facility in Smyrna, Tennessee. The Smyrna plant was modified with a US $ 1.4 billion loan provided by the US Department of Energy to enable the plant to produce Nissan Leaf and its sophisticated batteries. The Smyrna plant is expected to produce up to 150,000 vehicles and 200,000 battery packs annually. Nissan plans to introduce Nissan Leaf 2013 model year for the North American market in December 2012, after the production of electric cars starts at the Smyrna plant, but reschedules the 2013 model to January 2013, during North America. International Auto Show. The Smyrna plant begins producing lithium-ion cells in December 2012. These cells are used in battery packs from 2013 model leaves made at adjacent assembly plants. Cell fabrication plant in Smyrna is the largest factory in the US that builds automotive-scale lithium-ion batteries, and can produce batteries up to 200,000 electric vehicles per year. The motorcycle arrives from Nissan in Decherd. Production of leaves at the Smyrna plant begins in January 2013, sharing production lines with Altima mid-size sedan and Maxima full-size sedan. In 2017, Nissan decided to sell its battery plant to GSR Capital, and build a second-generation Leaf in Smyrna. Sunderland, _United_Kingdom "> Sunderland, United Kingdom Guangdong, China

In March 2013, the Chinese government announced that a partnership between Nissan and Dongfeng Motor to build Leafs is being planned. The initial production line will be able to produce 10,000 units per year until it is upgraded to 50,000 units by 2015.

src: i.ytimg.com

Market and sales

Nissan officially introduced the Leaf in a ceremony held at its global headquarters in Yokohama on December 3, 2010. The first American customer shipments took place in Northern California on December 11, 2010 and the first shipment in Japan took place in Kanagawa Prefecture on December 22nd. Shipments to individual customers began in Ireland in February 2011, in the UK in March 2011, and in France in August 2011. Deliveries to corporate customers began in Portugal in December 2010, in the Netherlands in March 2011, and in Canada in July 2011. Shipping retail starts in Spain and Norway in September 2011 in Switzerland in November 2011, and in Germany in January 2012. In January 2018, Leaf is available in more than 60 countries on four continents.

Since December 2010, Nissan sold 49,117 Leafs worldwide for the first two years on the market, making Leaf the world's best-performing electric car. With global sales of more than 22,000 units in 2011, Leaf surpassed Mitsubishi i MiEV as the best-selling electric car in history. Global sales throughout 2012 reached 26,973 Leafs, up 22% from 2011 sales, led by Japan with 11,115 units, up 8% from 2011 sales; followed by the United States with 9,819 units representing a 1.5% increase of 2011 sales. During the first half of 2012, Leaf has a 49% market share of global sales of all-electric cars. The sales achievement of 50,000 units shipped worldwide is reached in mid-February 2013. A total of 47,716 Leafs were sold during 2013, up 77% from 2012, and making Leaf the world's best-selling plug-in car by 2013.

In mid-January 2014, and only after three years in the market, global sales reached 100,000 units, capturing a market share of 45% of worldwide pure electric vehicles sold since 2010. During 2014, a total of 61,507 Leafs were sold worldwide. By 2014 Leaf is ranked as the world's best-selling plug-in car for the second year in a row, and as of December 2016, sales volume achieved in 2014 remains the most sold-in plug-in car of one year by a plug- in single in the car model. Global sales reached more than 158,000 units by the end of 2014.

Global Leaf Sales exceeded the achievement of 200,000 units by December 2015. Total sales reached 43,651 units worldwide by 2015, down 29% from 2014, and making Leaf the second best-selling plug-in car in the world by 2015 after Tesla Model S The market leading in 2015 is the United States with 17,269 units sold, down 42.8% from 2014, followed by the European market with 15,630 units.

Global sales in 2016 rose to 49,245 units, making Leaf the second best-selling plug-in car in the world after Tesla Model S for the second year running. Sales in 2016 were led by Europe with 18,718 units, followed by Japan with 14,793, North America with 15,512. The rest of the world numbered 222 units. Global Leaf Sales pass the 250,000-unit milestone in December 2016, and a 300,000 mark in January 2018, allowing Nissan Leaf to rank as an electric car with the world's fastest road capability in history. In December 2016, the United States ranked as the top selling market with 103,597 units shipped, followed by Japan with 72,494, and Europe with 67,829 units. The European market is led by Norway with 19,407 new units registered by December 2016. Due to the large number of imports used in the country, there are approximately 27,500 Leafs on the Norwegian road on December 31, 2016. The UK ranks second with 15,000 units sold in mid-September 2016.

By 2017 in the US, Nissan spends an average of more than US $ 16,000 in incentives per vehicle.

Battery lease option

Initially Leaf is sold in all markets including batteries and incompatible with QuickDrop swapping batteries developed by Renault's alliance partners. In April 2013, Nissan announced that Leaf 2013 sales will begin in the UK in June 2013, and will offer battery lease options for the three trims available. The price for battery leasing in the UK starts at GBÃ, Â £ 70 (~ US $ 108 ) a month for a limited 36 month rental of no more than 12,100 km (7,500 miles)) one year, with a maximum of GBÃ, Â £ 129 (~ US $ 198 ) a month for a 12 month lease with no more than 24,000 km (15,000 miles). The battery lease option lowers the entry level model price to GBÃ, Â £ 20,990 (~ US $ 32,230 ) before applying the Car Plug-in Grant.

In some European countries, except Norway, Finland, Iceland, Ireland and the Baltic market, leasing options will also be offered, resulting in a reduction in the purchase price of EUR5,900. The monthly battery charge begins at EUR79 (~ US $ 103 ) for a limited 36 month rental of no more than 12,500 km (7,800 miles) a year, with a maximum of EUR142 (~ US $ 186 ) a month for a 12 month lease with a distance of no more than 25,000 km (16,000 miles).

Global sales

In January 2018, Leaf Nissan is available to retail customers in more than 60 countries. Since its introduction in 2010, more than 300,000 Leafs have been sold worldwide until early January 2018, making Leaf the world's largest obstacle-free electric car of all time in history. In December 2016, the United States was ranked as the top selling market with 103,597 units shipped, followed by Japan with 72,494, and Europe with 67,829. The European market is led by Norway with 19,407 new units registered by December 2016. Due to the large number of imports used in the country, there are approximately 27,500 Leafs on the Norwegian road on December 31, 2016. The UK ranks second with 15,000 units sold in mid-September 2016.

The following table presents retail sales per year since Leaf deliveries began in December 2010, for national markets with cumulative sales of more than 500 units by the end of 2015.

src: insideevs.com

Issues reported

Initial problem

In April 2011, Nissan announced that customers in the United States and Japan reported problems in restarting their Leaf vehicles after shutting down the motor. Nissan says the problem does not pose an accident risk. On April 15th. Nissan announced that the problem affects only a small part of the Leafs. Nissan engineers identify programming errors in air conditioning system sensors that sometimes trigger the wrong high voltage warning when the air conditioning unit is turned on, due to increased power demand. This system issues a Restart Inhibit command, which does not prevent driving the vehicle, but prevents it from restarting after it is turned off. The solution requires reprogramming the Vehicle Control Module by a Nissan dealer. Nissan announced a "service campaign" to apply software improvements to all 5,300 Nissan Leafs operating worldwide, but that's not an official withdrawal because it's not a security issue. The software update applied also enhances the car mileage calculation system, which some Leaf owners reportedly overestimated the number of miles remaining. Additionally, the update will change the display of the in-charge bars to provide actual backup capacity; the driver now has up to five miles to find the charging spot after the car reaches the remaining zero mile mark.

A number of early models experienced AC failure due to broken hoses.

A number of customers have reported security issues with anti-lock brakes: after an emergency braking event, and after the driver releases the brake pedal, the brakes remain in full force for some time, increasing the risk of rear-end collisions.

Loss of battery capacity

As of May 2012, some US owners reported seeing only 11 of the 12 battery capacity blades on the in-car display that led them to believe they had lost some battery capacity. As time passes, many people report seeing this problem, and some people have lost two, three, and even in rare cases, four batteries of battery capacity. The problem of losing battery capacity seems to be concentrated in areas with hot climates, and Phoenix, Arizona and the state of Texas in particular. In July 2012, Nissan responded by saying they were investigating the matter, and car maker spokesman also said that "the problem is isolated to perhaps 0.3% of the 13,000 Leafs on US roads, and the company reportedly has lent the car to some Leaf owners in Arizona while researching this problem. "This is equivalent to about 40 vehicles that have lost the capacity of the battery bar.

The Crowd report sourced from Nissan Leafs with premature battery degradation has been collected at the MyNissanLeaf.com forum and has been tracked on the website's wiki page.

In early September 2012, Executive Vice President of Nissan said that "there is no problem with the Leaf battery, and that any customer complaints are just the result of an instrument problem." In response, a group of 12 Phoenix Leaf owners participated in an independent test in controlled conditions organized by Leaf driver and EV advocated Tony Williams that took place on September 15, 2012. The tests confirmed that Leaf had a bad instrument, but the tests also found a significant loss of coverage some cars that reflect the loss of battery capacity. The worst affected leaves show about 60 to 65% of the original battery capacity remaining, and are only able to drive 95 km (59 miles) before it runs out of charge.

Based on a complete evaluation by Nissan America with seven different Leafs at its Arizona Testing Center, the automaker found that the common relationship between the seven Leafs from Arizona is that they have traveled much higher than 20,100 km (12,500 miles) Nissan is used to estimate the loss of battery capacity over time. All of them have covered at least 50% more than the average Nissan forecast, with 31,500 km (19,600 miles) as the average mileage for the car being evaluated. According to Nissan, the average was "more than double the average mileage of Phoenix customers from 7,500 miles per year." Nissan concluded that "cars and battery packs behave as we expected." As a result of this assessment, Nissan issued an open letter to the owner of Leaf that explains the assessment results and details of the lost capacity of the battery normally from time to time. The company also decided to set up an independent advisory board to study how the company can improve its communications with customers about Leaf's performance. The group will be led by Chelsea Sexton, known for his prominent role in GM EV-1 electric car marketing. He will elect a member of the advisory board who will make recommendations for Nissan. At the end of September Nissan reported that about 450 Leafs had been sold in Arizona, and for customer satisfaction, two units with battery loss problems were bought back using a repurchase formula modeled on Arizona lemon law. One of the owners who have repurchased Leaf Nissan they set up a blog to persuade other potential Leaf Leaf buyers in hot climates to reconsider buying this special vehicle. In mid-September, Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn announced that there is an increase in second-generation batteries coming online that are cheaper than ever.

On September 17, 2012, a federal action suit filed by lessee Leaf California Humberto Daniel Klee and Arizona Leaf owner David Wallak, accusing Nissan of hiding in its advertisement that Leaf vehicles have design flaws that cause them to lose premature battery life and driving range. The class action suit says that "before buying or renting, Nissan fails to disclose its own recommendations that the owner avoids over 80% battery charging to reduce battery damage and fails to reveal that the Nissan 100 mile range estimates are based on a full battery charge, as opposed to Nissan's recommendation itself to charge the battery. "

In January 2013, Nissan USA announced that it will offer a battery warrant extension on the 2013 Leaf model and will include models of 2011 and 2012 as well.

A 2015 report by insurance company Warranty Direct states that of the 35,000 Leafs sold in Europe, three experienced battery failure. That's 0.01% immobilized compared to 0.255% for an internal combustion engine.

On July 7, 2015, Circuit Justice A. A. Wallace Tashima of the US 9th Circuit approved the completion of a class action in the US District Court for the Central District of California, for $ 24 million.

In March 2018, a study in New Zealand showed accelerated decline in reported batteries in 30 kWh Leafs compared to 24 kWh Leafs. The New Zealand Automobile Assosication recommends drivers of these cars can seek financial compensation or full refund from the dealers they buy the car from though Nissan does not provide battery warranty in New Zealand.

Airbag failure

In March 2014, Nissan attracted nearly one million vehicles for problems with air bags. The occupant classification system (OCS) may be mistakenly thinking that the passenger seat is empty when occupied by an adult, failing to activate the airbag in a collision. Affected cars include 2013-14 Leaf, Altima, Pathfinder and Sentra year models, as well as 2013 NV200, 2013 JX35, 2014 QX60 and 2014 Q50. Remember the document saying that due to the sensitivity of OCS software calibration, the system may not feel the passengers. Combined with high engine vibrations when idle when the seat is empty and then becomes busy, or unusual seating position, can cause the system to fail. If the car broke down during this time, the airbag will not be used. Nissan will notify the owner, and the dealer will fix the OCS software for free.

src: cleanchargenetwork.com

Related cars

Leaf Aero Style

Nissan launches the Nissan Leaf Aero Style concept car at the Tokyo Auto Salon 2011. The Leaf Aero Style exterior features a new front bumper, expanded side skirts, refurbished mirrors, daytime LED lights, and special wheels.

Leaf Nismo

Nissan launched a Leaf Nismo RC (Racing Competition) car demo at the New York International Automotive Exposition 2011. The electric car has the same battery and motor as the Leaf but is designed and built as a race car with a full carbon monocoque body that makes it about 40% lighter from Leaf production. Leaf Nismo RC is projected to have a run time of about 20 minutes under racing conditions, and in initial testing it accelerated from 0 to 62 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in 6.85 seconds and has a top speed of 93 mph (150 km/h ). Nissan built eight rear-wheel drive car.

Another concept from Nismo was unveiled at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show, Leaf Nismo Concept. It is designed as a normal car capable on the highway and uses the same 80 kW electric motor as the Leaf. In January 2013, Nissan announced that Leaf Nismo will be produced in low volume in mid-2013, and sold in Japan only. The Leaf Nismo uses all Leaf electric drive trains with no added power or performance improvements, but has an aerodynamic body kit with styling that is influenced by RC electric Leaf demonstrators, new wheels, and interior refinements.

Infiniti LE

The Nissan Infiniti LE concept of an all-electric car is launched at the 2012 New York International Automotive Exhibition. It is based on the same platform as the Leaf, but is expected to be Nissan's luxury electric car. It is estimated to begin production in 2014. In May 2013 the company said that they are waiting for inductive fuel induction industry standards before launching the vehicle.

Venucia e30

Nissan and its joint venture partner Dongfeng Motor launched a production version of the Venucia e30 electric car in Guangzhou Auto 2012. The previous version, Venucia E-Concept, was launched at the Beijing Auto Show 2012. The car was originally slated for production in China by 2015. The Venucia e30 share bodywork, dimensions, electric drive specifications and some other aspects of Leaf. Dongfeng Nissan started a pilot project in 15 Chinese cities to promote Venucia e30 with local government. A total of 216 units were delivered in December 2013. These units are marketed as Venucia Morning Wind and they are granary leafs because local production has not started yet. In April 2014 Dongfeng Nissan announced that retail sales of Venucia e30 will start ahead of schedule.

Venucia e30 is launched in the Chinese market in September 2014. The E30 has the same 24 kWh lithium ion battery as the Nissan Leaf, with an energy consumption of 14.6 kWh/100 km and a distance of 160 km (99 miles).

Autonomous car

In August 2013, Nissan announced plans to launch several unlicensed cars by 2020. The company builds on Japan a dedicated autonomous autonomous driving center, to be completed by 2014. Nissan installs its autonomous technology at Nissan Leaf for demonstration purposes. The car was demonstrated at the Nissan 360 test drive event held in California in August 2013. In September 2013, Leaf is equipped with a prototype of the Advanced Driver Assistance System provided with a license plate that allows it to drive on public roads. Car testers will be used by Nissan engineers to evaluate how in-house autonomous drive software performs in the real world. Time spent on public roads will help fix automobile software for fully automated driving. The Autonomous Leaf was demonstrated on a public road for the first time at a media event held in Japan in November 2013. The Leaf drove on the Sagami Expressway in Kanagawa Prefecture, near Tokyo. Nissan vice chairman Toshiyuki Shiga and prefectural governor Yuji Kuroiwa drove during the test.

src: www.nissanusa.com

Motorsport

The Electrical Production Class was formed for Pikes Peak International Hill Climb 2011 and Chad Hord raced Leaf in the event. Off-road racing drivers climbed into the field 19.99 km (12.42 miles) in 14 minutes and 33 seconds to win the class. The interior of the car has been removed and replaced with mandatory racing seats, safety harness, and roll cage.

src: www.newsongministries.us

Reception

There are 20,000 pre-orders in the United States to debut vehicles. Upon reaching this milestone in September 2010, Nissan stopped accepting reservations in the United States until many initial orders have been delivered in early 2011.

The Leaf has received awards from many organizations. Important awards include inclusion by Time magazine as one of the 50 best discoveries of 2009. At the Washington Auto Show 2010, Leaf was awarded the Green Car Journal Vision 2010 by the Green Car Journal (GCJ), noting that Leaf "will deliver features, styling and driving experience that will meet sophisticated and demanding market demands while generating zero local emissions and not requiring fuel oil. " Popular Mechanics , after providing its Breakthrough Leaf Award in 2010, explains that Nissan Leaf" is not EV pure first, but [...] mainstream hits like none of its predecessors. " Popular Mechanics also mentions the range of 160 km (100 miles) Leaf, which is said to be "enough for most commuters for average vehicle prices - and with much lower operating costs than gasoline-powered vehicles."

Other awards received by Leaf include 2011 European Car of the Year, EV.com 2011 EV This Year, Environmentally Friendly Car of 2011 This Year by Cars.com, 2011 The Green Fleet Electric Vehicle This Year, has been listed among Kendara

Source of the article : Wikipedia