NIMBY (acronym for the phrase " Not In My Backyard "), or Nimby , is a characterization that degrades the population's opposition to the proposed development at their local area. It often brings with it the connotation that such residents are just opposed to development because it is close to them, and that they will tolerate or support it if it is built further. The residents are often called Nimbys , and their point of view is called Nimbyism .
Examples of projects likely to be challenged include the construction of any housing, bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, skyscrapers, homeless shelters, oil wells, chemical plants, industrial parks, military bases, fracking, wind turbines, desalination plants, incinerators, electric plants, mining, prisons, pubs, adult entertainment clubs, concert venues, gun dealers, cell phone poles, power poles, abortion clinics, children's homes, nursing homes, youth hostels, sports stadiums, shopping centers, parks retail, railway, highway, airport, seaport, nuclear waste storage, weapons of mass destruction, marijuana pharmacies, recreational marijuana stores and accommodation of persons applying for asylum, refugees (eg war) and displaced persons (ie Jews during/after the holocaust).
The NIMBY concept can also be applied to people who advocate for several proposals (eg budget cuts, tax increases, layoffs, immigration or energy conservation) but oppose its application in ways that could affect their lives or demand sacrifices on their part.
Video NIMBY
Reason claimed
Developments that may attract local objections include:
- Construction of infrastructure, such as new roads and highway service areas, light rail and metro lines, bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, airports, power plants, retail development, public asset sales, electricity transmission lines, , landfills, waste disposal and prisons;
- Extraction of mineral resources including ores, aggregates and hydrocarbons from mines, quarries and oil wells or gas wells, respectively;
- renewable energy generators, such as wind farms and solar panels;
- businesses that trade unscrupulous items, such as adult videos, liquor stores, and medical marijuana pharmacies;
- accommodation is considered a major benefit of disadvantaged people, such as subsidized housing for financially disadvantaged housing, psychiatric support, half home for drug and criminal addicts, and homeless shelters for those without a fixed address ;
- services that serve specific stigmatization groups (eg, injecting drug users), such as methadone clinics, syringe exchange programs, drug detox facilities, supervised inject sites;
- large scale developments of all types, such as large box stores and residential subdivisions.
The reasons claimed for this development vary, and some are given below.
- Increased traffic: More work, more homes or more stores correlate with increased traffic on local roads and greater demand for parking lots. Industrial facilities such as warehouses, factories, or landfills often increase the volume of truck traffic.
- Disadvantages of locally owned small businesses: The development of large box stores can give too much competition to locally owned stores; similarly, the construction of new roads can make the older road less undertaken, resulting in a loss of business for property owners. This can lead to excessive relocation costs, or loss of a respected local business.
- Loss of residential property values: Houses near undesirable development may be less desirable for potential buyers. Income lost from property taxes may, or may not be, be offset by an increase in revenues from the project.
- Land, air, and water environmental pollution: Power plants, factories, chemical facilities, crematoriums, sewage treatment facilities, airports and similar projects may, or may claim, pollute land, air, or water around them. Especially the facilities that are assumed to smell can cause objections.
- Light pollution: Projects that operate at night, or that include security lighting (such as streetlights in the parking lot), may be accused of causing light pollution.
- Noise noise: In addition to traffic noise, the project may be noisy. This is a common objection to wind power, airports, roads and many industrial facilities, but also very noisy stadiums, festivals and nightclubs at night when locals want to sleep.
- Visual Hawar and failure to "blend" with the surrounding architecture: The proposed project may be ugly or very large, or make a shadow over an area due to its height.
- Loss the nuances of a small town community: Proposals that might result in new people moving into communities, such as plans to build many new homes, are often claimed to change community character.
- Tension of public and school resources: This reasoning is given for local population increases, as additional school facilities may be needed for additional children, but especially for projects that may produce some types of people who join the community, such as groups of people with disabilities, or immigrants.
- Disproportionate profits for non-locals: This project seems to benefit distant people, such as investors (in the case of commercial projects such as factories or large box stores) or people from neighboring areas (in the case of local government projects, such as airports, highways, sewage treatment, or landfills).
- Increased crime: This is usually applied to projects deemed to be attractive or hiring low-skilled or racial minority workers, as well as projects designed for people who allegedly commit crimes, such as mentally ill people poor, and drug addicts. In addition, certain types of projects, such as pubs or medical cannabis pharmacies, may be considered to directly increase the number of crimes in the area.
- Disaster (environmental) risks , such as with drilling operations, chemical industries, dams, or nuclear power plants.
- Historic area: The affected area is on the National Register of Historic Places, as many of the older properties are preserved as such.
Generally, many NIMBY objections are guessed or feared, because objections are more likely to succeed before construction begins. It is often too late to refuse the project after it is finished, as new additions are not possible to be returned. As the list suggests, protests may occur for opposite reasons. New roads or shopping centers can lead to increased traffic and job opportunities for some people, and lower traffic for others, harm local businesses.
People in the affected areas of the plan sometimes form an organization that can raise money and organize objections. NIMBYists can hire lawyers to make official requests, and contact the media to get public support for their case.
Maps NIMBY
Origin and history
The Oxford English Dictionary identifies the earliest use of acronyms as in 1980 at Christian Science Monitor , although even there the authors point out that the term is already being used in the hazardous waste industry. The concept behind the term, ie locally-organized resistance to undesirable land use, may have originated earlier. One suggestion that emerged in the 1950s.
In the 1980s, the term was popularized by British politician Nicholas Ridley, who is Minister of Conservative for the Environment. Comedian George Carlin used the term in a comedic skit, implying that people had already heard it.
The acronym NIMBY has also been used by social scientists since the early 1980s to describe community resistance to the determination of controversial site locations and land uses.
Variations
NIMBY and the derivative terms NIMBYism , NIMBYs , and NIMBYists , refer implicitly to the development debate in general or to the case Specific. Thus, its use is inherently contradictory. This term is usually applied to the opponent of a development, implying that they have a narrow, selfish, or myopic view. Its use is often degrading.
Not in My Neighborhood
The term Not in My Neighborhood (or NIMN ) is also commonly used. "NIMN" also refers to legislative acts or private agreements made with the aim of maintaining racial identity in certain neighborhoods or neighborhoods by forcibly keeping members of other races to move to the area. In that case, "Not in My Neighborhood," by writer and journalist Antero Pietila, describes the toll facing NIMN politics on the housing conditions in Baltimore throughout the 20th century and a systematic separation, based on the city race it caused.
NIABY
Opposition to certain developments as inappropriate anywhere in the world is characterized by the acronym NIABY ("Not on Any Backyard"). The construction of nuclear power plants, for example, is often the target of NIABY concerns.
NAMBI
NAMBI ("Not Against My Business or Industry") is used as a label for any business problem that expresses difficulty with actions or policies that threaten the business, where they are believed to complain about the principle of action or policy only to their own interests and not for all the same business problems that both suffer from actions or policies. The term serves as a critique of the kind of anger that business exposes when dishonestly portraying its protests for the benefit of all other businesses. Such labeling will happen, for example, when opposition expressed by businesses involved in urban development are challenged by activists - causing the business to in turn protest and ask for support from business associates, otherwise they also find themselves challenged where they seek urban development. The term also serves as a rhetorical counter for NIMBY. Seen as equivalent to NIMBY by those who oppose the business or industry in question.
BANANA
BANANA is an acronym for "Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything" (or "Anyone"). The term is most often used to criticize the ongoing opposition of certain advocacy groups for land development. The apparent disapproval of some activists against each proposed development example suggests that they seek the complete absence of new growth. This term is commonly used in the context of planning in the UK. Sunderland City Council listed the term in their online jargon dictionary.
PIBBY
PIBBY is an acronym for "Back Yard's Place In Blacks." This principle shows that people with social, racial, and economic rights object to development in their own backyard, and if inappropriate goods should be built, it must be constructed so as to disadvantage disproportionately affect the poor , which is socially disadvantaged. Economically disadvantaged people may not want to hire a lawyer to appeal the right way, or may have more immediate problems than a new construction project nearby. The environmental justice movement has shown Nimbyism leading to environmental racism. Robert D. Bullard, Director of the Center for Environmental Justice Resources at Clark Atlanta University, believes that the official response to the NIMBY phenomenon has led to the PIBBY principle.
SOBBY
SOBBY is an acronym for "Some Other Backyard Bugger" and refers to a state of mind that agrees that a particular project may be desirable and may be necessary - but only if it is placed elsewhere.
Place of debate
Although often used somewhat patronically, the use of the NIMBY concept and similar terms has been criticized. For example, the term is often used to dismiss groups as selfish or lacking in information, but this same group may have missed virtues.
Supporting development
Debate points that are often debated in favor of development include higher employment, tax revenues, marginal cost of long-distance development, safety, and environmental benefits. Development advocates can accuse local people of egoism, elitism, parochialism, bridge mentality, racism and anti-diversity, the inevitability of criticism, and the misleading or unrealistic claims of urban sprawl prevention. If people who do not want to be disturbed see the common needs of the establishment, such as airports, they generally suggest other locations. But viewed from a community perspective, other locations may not be better, because the people who live there are even disturbed.
Support local sovereignty
Those labeled as NIMBY may have various motivations and may be united simply because they oppose a particular project. For example, some may oppose significant change or development, regardless of type, destination, or origin. Others, if the project is seen as being imposed by outsiders, may hold strong principles of self-government, local sovereignty, local autonomy, and home governance. These people believe that local communities should have a final choice, and that any project that affects local communities should obviously benefit themselves, rather than companies with distant investors or central government. Others may object to a particular project because of its nature, for example, against nuclear power plants for fear of radiation, but to accept local waste management facilities as city needs.
Example
Canada
Nova Scotia
In July 2012, Kings County residents united against a regulation, developed for three years of consultations and hearings, allowing nearby wind generators. A similar theme emerged in September 2009, where residents there united against wind generators in Digby Neck, Nova Scotia. In January 2011, the residents of Lawrencetown, NS openly opposed the built cell tower. The proposed development of downtown Dartmouth in August 2012 is also contested by residents. In February 2013, some residents in the Lunenburg region opposed wind farms built in the area, saying, "Health and property devaluation" and "This is an industrial facility located in the middle of rural Nova Scotia.
In March 2013, some residents of the Blockhouse community opposed the construction and development of a recycling plant, which one business owner called a "dump." The plant will offer 75 jobs to the community of about 5,900 people. In the same month, city council members from Chester, Nova Scotia, approved the construction of wind turbines in the area in a 6-1 vote, although there were some local opposition.
United Kingdom
Ashtead, Surrey
In the wealthy English village of Ashtead, Surrey, located on the outskirts of London, residents objected in 2007 to a major conversion, Ã, Â £ 1.7 million residential property to become a family support center for the family of injured British service personnel. The house must be purchased by a registered charity, SSAFA Forces Help. Local residents objected to the proposal for fear of rising traffic and noise, as well as the possibility of increasing the threat of terrorism. They also argue that the charity SSAFA is actually a business, thus setting an undesirable precedent. The local newspaper carried an article titled "War of Nimby neighbors with the wounded soldier's family" and "No Heroes in My Backyard."
Former soldiers and some members of the general public organized a petition to support the SSAFA, and even auctioned "Ashtead's Self-Esteem" on eBay.
High Speed ​​2
Particularly in running up to the final decision on a high-speed rail route known as High Speed ​​2, BBC News Online reports that many residents of the Conservative constituency launch an objection to the HS2 route based on the effects they will face. , while also showing concerns that HS2 is unlikely to have social benefits at the macro level in current economic circumstances. Likewise, Labor MP Natascha Engel - through whom his constituents will pass - offers "a vigorous defense of nimbiism" in the House of Commons, deals with the effects that the line on the constituents that owns homes and businesses will have. HS2 has also been characterized by residents of Chiltern and Camden making arguments against the lack of business cases for the line, often as a smokescreen for NIMBYism. On March 17, 2014, it was announced that Camden's NIMBYs succeeded in their campaign to thwart the HS1-HS2 linkage relationship.
Heathrow Airport
In November 2007 the consultation process began for the construction of a new third runway and a sixth terminal and it was controversially approved on January 15, 2009 by ministers of the British Government. The project was later canceled on May 12, 2010 by the Cameron Government.
Heathrow Airport has a Public Aerodrome License The use of CAA (Number P527) which allows flights for public transit passengers or for flight instructions.
Coventry Airport
The airport is owned by CAFCO (Coventry) Limited, a joint venture between Howard Holdings plc and Convergence-AFCO Holdings Limited (CAFCOHL), and in June 2007 had applications to build permanent terminals and passenger facilities rejected by the British government due to public pressure.
Wimbledon, London
London Borough of Merton does not have enough schooling for local children who will reach school age in 2012 and 2013. Almost all local schools have grown, but the NIMBY group "Save Our Rec" opposes the expansion of the Dundonald school to the site of the nearby park pavilion.
Hong Kong
When Christian Zheng Sheng College, a junior college for young drug addicts, opened in 1998, some people called it spoil the scene. In June 2009, Mui Wo residents voiced an objection when they announced that they planned to move their campus to an empty school building there.
Italy
No TAV's refusal of Turin-Lyon high-speed trains is often characterized as a NIMBY movement.
German
In German, NIMBY is known and often used as "Sankt Florians-Prinzip" (Saint Florian Principles). This seems to be used for centuries in German: Named after a rather ironic prayer for Saint Florian: "O heiliger Sankt Florian, verschon 'mein Haus, zÃÆ'¼nd' and're an", equivalent to "O Holy St. Florian, please save my house, burn the other ". There is no acronym for it.
Japanese
The Muraiken Und? or No Leprosy Patients in Our Prefectural Movement, is a government-funded Japanese government social and health movement that began between 1929 and 1934.
In 2001, when the leprosy prevention law was ruled unconstitutional, the Prime Minister, Minister of Welfare, and the National Diet issued a statement of apology to leprosy patients and their families. Some prefectural governors make apologies in public sanitaries.
Two famous incidents where NIMBY overwhelmed Greater Tokyo interests. Shinkansen has been engineered extensively to reduce the impact of tunnel explosions due to complaints by nearby residents, so Japan is the only country with such strict regulations (and accompanying financial burdens) in tunnels and aerodynamic designs. This is one of the main reasons there are so many Shinkansen trainset designs that have been developed.
Narita Airport
One of them is a farmer from Narita International Airport, the only international link metropolis to the outside world, who refused since 1974 every little land allocation. Initially plans for the airport also included a canceled high-speed rail line. The NIMBYs also prevented the expansion of the runway of a very short 2 airport runway (not applicable to anything but short-range narrow-body aircraft) until the late 2000s, when eventually the Haneda Airport cross opened for international traffic as an additional runway at landfill completed in many billions of dollars in additional fees, since the second runway is extended to 2,500 meters. The second Narita runway is still less than the original blueprint of 1974 and has an impact on airport operational capacity.
Odakyu Double Tracking
The Odakyu Electric Railway, now providing transit along the corridor with 5 million people living within walking distance of the railway and feeder areas, was originally built in the pre-war era, and as Tokyo's urban population inflated the demand for suburban trains exploded. In the 1960s, oshiya was asked to solidify people into crowded trains, and the Odakyu Train attempted to expand its two-lane path into four, allowing more passing trains and time run faster and less crowd and wait and hold the train congestively. NIMBY residents in addition to the line in Setagaya fend off attempts by trains to acquire land, Odakyu does not want to make a fuss so they try to buy land one by one by offering high prices. The Setagaya People's Opposition set the stage for a long-term and extraordinary NIMBY case in court and legislature. In 1993, after 3 decades of trying, it was clear that the plan was failing, and the company decided to find a multi-billion dollar solution: create two underground channels, and then add back two new lines stacked on it, to create 4 tracks in each directions to 12 stations and 10.4 km, instead of acquiring land. The decision of the company started in 1993 and was completed in 2004 for 1 critical section, meanwhile, for the smaller part 2, this same decision was made in 2003 with the completion of the project finally approaching the results in March 2018, nearly 6 decades later.
China
In China there are many famous nail home cases, including one property that has a highway built and surrounds his apartment building in Guangzhou.
United States
California
A small number of residents (mostly farmers) in Hanford, California and surrounding areas are opposed to the California High Speed ​​Rail Authority who built high-speed railways near farmland, arguing that it will bring environmental and economic problems.
The resident of Southern Orange County, CA defeated a local size proposing to turn the El Toro Sea Base that had been disabled into a commercial airport, claiming that the airport would be "unsafe" during landing and takeoff as well as creating air quality problems. The real problem is the FAA is planning a flight path for airports over expensive neighborhoods in southern Orange County and residents worry about the value of their property will be reduced. The airport proposal, however, is strongly supported by residents of Northern Orange County. The defeat of local size resulted in the creation of the Great Orange County Garden.
National, state and local environments, historic preservationists and long-time residents of Southern Pasadena, California have successfully opposed the highly controversial settlement of State Route 710 through the city of Los Angeles (El Sereno), South Pasadena and Pasadena for over 60 years. There has been a federal order in place for 41 years halting the construction of a highway surface. Students planning urban transport and transportation USC and UCLA studied the 80-year controversy as this is a classic example of grass-roots sustainable opposition to government proposals.
Now and for more than a decade, a struggle has taken place in San Francisco, California between voting communities and the inclusion of young professionals and technology workers. With no room for expansion, construction companies can only build to meet the growing demand for housing. However, NIMBYism has prevented high-rise construction spreading in San Francisco, citing building shadow restrictions and proposed dramatic changes to the coastline. The opposition argues that the new construction will increase the supply of luxury housing without creating affordable housing, thus raising the average temporary lease by attracting richer populations to the city of San Francisco and forcing middle- and lower-income families out of the city.
On September 29, 2017, 15 housing bills were signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown to combat the country's housing shortages. Much of this bill is seen as a direct attempt to reduce the ability of citizens to prevent advanced housing projects, even referred to by some as the "Anti-NIMBY" bill.
Florida
Similar to the situation in Nantucket Sound, Mass., A small population in St. Lucie County, Florida has strongly opposed the construction of wind turbines in the area. The construction of wind turbines is strongly supported by more than 80% of the region's population according to a Florida Power and Light (FPL) poll of 2008. In addition, the power company proposed building turbines on site on the coast near a pre-existing nuclear power plant owned by the company.
In the 1980s, a body known as the Palm Beach County Toll Road Authority was formed to develop a series of east/west highways to take people from the Palm Beach County suburbs to downtown West Palm Beach. This is done to anticipate the population growth that will occur over the next few decades in Palm Beach County that will bring in more traffic. Many neighbors in areas such as Westgate and Lake Belvedere Estates strongly oppose this plan on the grounds that they will wipe out their environment. Eventually the plan was revised to make the SR-80 Boulevard an express road such as by removing traffic lights and passing other local highways.
Illinois
In 1959, when Deerfield officials learned that a developer built a new home environment planned to make homes available to African Americans, they issued a stop-work order. Fierce debates began about the integration of racial, property values, and the good faith of residents, community officials and builders. For a short time, Deerfield got the spotlight on national news as "Little Rock of the North." Proponents of integration are criticized and excluded by the population. Finally, the village issued a referendum to build a park on the property, thus ending the construction of housing. Two partially finished model houses were sold to village officials. Otherwise, the land becomes inactive for many years before being developed into what is now Mitchell Pool and Park and Jaycee Park. The first blacks did not move to Deerfield until some time later, and within a few years since Deerfield had seen the entry of a larger minority, including Jews, Asians, Greeks and others. This episode in the history of Deerfield is described in the But Not Next Door by Harry and David Rosen, both residents of Deerfield.
Massachusetts
The opposition to two proposed highways within the MA Route 128 highway around Boston - Inner Belt and Interstate 95 route in Massachusetts to downtown Boston via the Southwest Corridor - was opposed from their proposal during the 1950s, and was eventually overturned by action- the action of Governor-General Francis Sargent in 1970. The fast lane route route south of the fast lane MBTA Orange Line was eventually placed back along most of the Southwest Right-of-way corridors for the canceled I-95 highway in the late 1980s, when the Orange track Street on Washington Street Elevated was demolished at the time.
Some residents and businesses of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island oppose the construction of Cape Wind, a proposed offshore wind farm on Nantucket Sound. Advocates cite the environmental, economic, and energy benefits of clean and renewable energy, while opponents are opposing any obstacle to the sights of seaside holiday homes and tourist destinations based in the region.
Minnesota
In the late 1990s proposals for commuter trains in Dan Patch Corridor between Minneapolis and Northfield were studied. In 2002, due to opposition from the environment along the corridor, two state representatives from the suburbs of Bloomington and Edina issued a legislative ban not allowing further study, discussion, funding, and project development. While the ban remains in force despite many attempts to lift it, the two suburbs that sponsor the ban are now open to the proposal. Lakeville and St. Louis Park remained opposed to the project and canceled the ban.
New York
At Long Island, the Long Island Rail project of electrification and expansion was canceled or postponed due to protests of people living near the railroad tracks.
For example, part of the LIRR Main Line should have a third line to accommodate the expected increase in the Long Island Rail Road rider after the East Side Access project to the Grand Central Terminal is completed, as well as to expand local peak services and vice versa.. The Metropolitan Transport Authority has proposed to build the third Main Line path from Floral Park to Hicksville in the future. Project components include purchasing properties on the right path, eliminating class crossings (in conjunction with NYSDOT), relocating existing stations, and reconfiguring the Mineola Station. Strong opposition to building a third line comes from the villages of Flower Park, New Hyde Park, and Garden City, which says the construction and improvement of the resulting train service will reduce the quality of life in their environment. The third line project was stopped indefinitely in 2008, but the MTA stressed that they are committed to finally building the third line as an important part of the East Side Access project. The new funding for the project is included in the 2016 infrastructure improvement plan announced by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo. Governor Cuomo's announcement describes measures aimed at reducing the concerns of local residents, including changes to the design that would require land use only on 50 properties including 20 homes instead of more than 200 properties and 80 homes to be affected under the previous version of the plan. Despite the promise of mitigation efforts, some local politicians denounced the governor's plan within a day of its announcement; Mayor Floral Park told the New York Times that "we thought it was dead and buried", while New Hyde Park's mayor promised to "fight the governor vigorously on this" and a local state senator called the governor's plan "to die on arrival."
In Port Washington, New York, there was a dispute between the city of North Hempstead and LIRR over Port Washington's proposed page expansion. To expand the page, the city's parking lot needs to be made smaller with 40 parking spaces. Local Councilor Dina De Giorgio opposed the plan, saying that "The idea of ​​storing these big trains, adding two trails to Port Washington, would really damage the city's character." However, the LIRR will be able to expand the page without the North Hempstead deal by tearing down 140 parking spaces from its own parking lot, also adjacent to the station.
Similarly, the opposition has killed every proposal to build a bridge or tunnel on Long Island Sound with some believers going to harm their community by the influx of unwanted traffic and environmental concerns and the number of homes to be cleaned as a result.
See also
References
External links
- Multifamily Housing Group Targeting NIMBY
- The Saint Index is trying to measure Nimbiism
- Nimby Wars from Forbes Magazine
- How to Overcome NIMBY Opposition to Your Project
- Ask & amp; A with NIMBY Expert Debra Stein
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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