History of gardening

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The history of ornamental gardening can be considered an expression of aesthetic beauty through art and nature, the appearance of taste or style in civilized life, the expression of individual or cultural philosophy, and sometimes as the display of personal status or national pride - in private and public landscape.

Video History of gardening

Introduction

Forest gardening, a pro-food plant-based system, is the oldest form of gardens in the world. The forest gardens are from prehistoric times along the banks of the forest-covered river and in the wetland of the monsoon area. In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful trees and grape species are identified, protected, and improved while unwanted species are removed. Finally, foreign species are also selected and put into the garden.

The space scope began in 10,000 BC. Although no one knows the specific details of the first park, historians imagine the first enclosure is a kind of barrier to exclude animals and robbers. The construction and design of the park is the main predecessor of landscape architecture, and it began in West Asia, eventually spreading westward to Greece, Spain, Germany, France, England, etc. The modern word "garden" and "yard" are descended from the Old English "geard", which denotes a fence or enclosure.

Vitruvius, a Roman writer and engineer, wrote the oldest design manual that still existed in 27 BC. De architectura libri decem ( Ten Books on Architecture ) discusses design theory, landscape architecture, engineering, water supply, and public projects, such as parks and squares. Vitruvius asserts that firmness (firmness, endurance, strength), utility (commodity, convenience, utility) and venustas (pleasure, beauty, beauty ) is the main purpose of design. Some still consider these elements important for landscape quality design.

After the emergence of the first civilization, the rich began to make gardens for purely aesthetic purposes. The painting of Egyptian tombs from the 16th century BC is some of the earliest physical evidence of ornamental horticulture and landscape design; they depict a lotus pond surrounded by a row of symmetrical acacia and palms. Another ancient tradition is Persia: Darius the Great is said to have a "garden of heaven" and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon which is famous as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Persian Garden is designed along the central axis of symmetry.

The Persian influence extended to Hellenistic Greece after Alexander the Great. C. 350 BC there is a garden in the Academy of Athens, and Theophrastus, who wrote about botany, supposedly inherited a garden from Aristotle. Epicurus has a garden where he runs and teaches, and he passes it on to Hermarchus of Mytilene. Alciphron also refers to a private garden in its writings.

The most influential ancient gardens of the western world belong to Ptolemy in Alexandria, Egypt, and the horticultural traditions that Lucullus brought to Rome. The wall paintings in Pompeii, Italy prove a more complicated development. The richest people of Rome built a vast garden park with water features, including fountains and creeks, topiary, roses, and shaded arcades. Archaeological evidence survives on sites like Hadrian's Villa.

Byzantium and Moorish Spain continued the tradition of horticulture after the 4th century and the decline of Rome. At present, a separate horticultural tradition is formed in China, which is transmitted to Japan, where it evolves into an aristocratic park featuring a miniature nature landscape and pool-centered simulation, and a severe Zen garden form displayed in temples.

In Europe, gardening was revived in the Languedoc and ÃÆ'Žle-de-France in the 13th century. The rediscovery of the description of the villa and the antique Roman garden led to the creation of a new garden shape, the Italian Renaissance garden in the late 15th and early 16th century. The Kingdom of Spain built the first public park in this era in the 16th century, both in Europe and America. The ÃÆ' la franÃÆ'§aise formal garden, exemplified by the Gardens of Versailles, became the dominant horticultural style in Europe until the mid-18th century, when the English landscape park and the French landscape park were agreed to dominate. In the 19th century, a historic revival and a romantic garden inspired by heaven appeared. In the UK, William Robinson and Gertrude Jekyll are influential supporters in wild parks and perennial gardens, respectively. Andrew Jackson Downing and Frederick Law Olmsted adapted the European form for North America, especially affecting the design of public parks, campuses, and suburban landscapes. The influence of Olmsted extended to the 20th century.

The 20th century saw the influence of modernism in the garden: from the clarity of articulating the Church of Thomas to the bold colors and shapes of Brazilian Roberto Burle Marx.

Environmental awareness and sustainable design practices, such as green roofs and rainwater harvest, are becoming increasingly practiced as innovation in this field continues to grow.

Maps History of gardening

Historical development of garden style

Mesopotamian Gardens

Mesopotamia - the "land between the rivers" of Tigris and Euphrates - consists of hilly and mountainous and semi-arid northern areas, alluvial south. Its people (Sumerian, Akkadians, Assyria, and Babylonia) are urban and educated people from around 3,000 BC. Evidence for their garden comes from written texts, pictorial statues and archeology. In the western tradition of Mesopotamia is the location of the Garden of Eden and the Babylonian Garden. The shrine gardens flourish from the representation of a sacred forest; Some different styles of royal gardens are also known.

The garden yard is enclosed by the palace walls, or on a larger scale is the place cultivated within the city walls. At Mari in the Middle Euphrates (c 1,800 BC), one of the very large courtyards is called Court of the Palms in contemporary written records. It was crossed by lifting the sidewalk from the baked brick; the king and his entourage will eat there. In Ugarit (c1, 400BC) there is a stone water basin, not located in the middle as in the Persian garden, since its main feature may be a tree (dates or tamarisk). 7th century BC Assyrian Assurbanipal king is shown at the feast of the statue with the queen, lying on the sofa under the arbor, visited by musicians. The cup of conquest was on display, including the dismembered head of Elam's king hanging from the fragrant pine branches! A Babylonian text from the same period is divided into several sections as if showing a ground bed with names of medicinal plants, vegetables and herbs written in each box, possibly representing the parterre design.

On a larger scale, the royal hunting park was established to house the exotic animals and plants the king had acquired in his foreign campaign. King Tiglath-Pileser I (c 1.000BC) lists horses, oxen, donkeys, deer of two kinds, gazelles and ibex, boasting "I number them like sheep."

From about 1,000 BC the king of Assyria developed a botanical garden style that incorporated the naturalistic spatial design, the flowing water supplied from the upper stream, and the exotic plants of their foreign campaigns. Assurnasirpal II (883-859BC) contains various types of pine, fir and juniper of various types, almonds, dates, ebony, rosewood, olive, oak, tamarisk, walnut, tadpole and ash, pomegranate pine, pear, quince, fig and grape "The water channel spurted from the top into the garden: the scent spread to the sidewalk, the flow of water as much as the stars of heaven flowing in the garden of pleasure.... Like my chipmunks picking fruit in the garden of pleasure." The city park culminated in the design of the Sennacherib palace (704-681BC) whose water system stretches 50km into the hills, which are higher and more ornate than others, and which boast of the intricate technology he spills, calling his palace and the park "Miracle for everyone".

The Book of Genesis describes the Tigris and the Euphrates as two of the four rivers that limit the Garden of Eden. No specific place has been identified, although there are many theories.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are listed by classical Greek writers as one of the Seven Wonders of the World - a place to be seen before you die. The excavated Babylonian ruins do not reveal any suitable evidence, which has led some scholars to argue that they may be truly legendary. Alternatively, the story is from the garden of Sennacherib in Nineveh.

Persian Garden

All the Persian gardens, from the ancient to the high classics, were developed in opposition to the harsh and arid landscape of Iranian highlands. Unlike ancient European gardens, which appear to be carved or re-ordered from within the existing landscape, the Persian garden appears as an impossibility. Their subtle and subtle nature emphasizes their intrinsic contrast to the hostile environment. Trees and trellises are mostly biotic; pavilions and walls are also structurally prominent in blocking the sun.

Heat also makes water important, both in the design and the care of the garden. Irrigation may be required, and can be provided through an underground tunnel called the qanat, which carries water from a local aquifer. Such a structure is then connected to the qanat, allowing a picture of water. Alternatively, an animal-driven Persian well will draw water to the surface. Such a wheel system also moves water around the surface water system, as it does in the chahar force b? Gh. Trees are often planted in ditches called juy, which prevent evaporation of water and allow quick access of water to the roots of trees.

Persian forces often try to integrate indoors with outdoors through connections from surrounding gardens with inner courtyards. Designers often place architectural elements such as domed arches between the outer and interior areas to open a gap between them.

Egyptian gardens

The gardens are much appreciated in the days of Egypt and are kept well for secular purposes and attached to temple compounds. Gardens in private homes and villas before the New Kingdom are mostly used for growing vegetables and located near canals or rivers. However, in the New Kingdom they are often surrounded by walls and their goals incorporated pleasure and beauty in addition to utilities. The produce of the garden makes an important part of the foodstuff but the flowers are also cultivated for use in bouquets for use at festive occasions and for medicinal purposes. While the poor save a patch to grow vegetables, the rich can buy gardens filled with sheltered trees and ornamental ponds with fish and waterfowl. There may be a wooden structure that forms a pergola to support grape crops from grapes that produce raisins and grapes. There could even be an elaborate stone stall for ornamentation, with decorative sculptures.

The temple gardens have plots to grow vegetables, plants or herbs that are considered sacred to certain deities and are required in rituals and offerings such as lettuce for Min. The sacred gardens and ornamental trees were planted in front of or near the shrines and temples of the morgue. Since the temple is a representation of heaven and built as a true god house, the gardens are laid out in accordance with the same principle. The road to the entrance can be lined with trees, the courtyard can have small gardens and between temple buildings with trees, vineyards, flowers and ponds maintained.

Ancient Egyptian gardens will look different from modern parks. It would look more like a collection of herbs or a patch of wildflowers, less of a special bred flower today. Flowers such as iris, chrysanthemum, lilies and delphinium (blue), are definitely known by the ancients but are not widely displayed in the garden scene. Formal boquets seem to consist of mandrake, poppy, cornflower and or lotus and papyrus.

Due to Egypt's arid climate, caring for the garden means continuous attention and dependent on irrigation. Skilled gardeners are employed by temples and rich households. His duties include planting, weeding, watering by means of shaduf, pruning fruit trees, digging soil, harvesting fruit, etc.

Hellenistic and Roman garden

Hellenistic Garden

It is surprising that although the Egyptians and Romans were gathered with enthusiasm, the Greeks did not have private gardens. They put the park around the temple and they adorn the paths and streets with the statues, but the ornate gardens and the fun that show the wealth in other communities seem to be nonexistent.

Roman garden

Roman gardens are a place of peace and solitude, protection from urban life. Ornamental horticulture became highly developed during the development of Roman civilization. Administrators of the Roman Empire (c.100 BC - 500 AD) actively exchanged information on agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, hydraulics, and botany. Seeds and plants are widely distributed. The Gardens of Lucullus (Horti Lucullani) in Details Hill on the edge of Rome introduced the Persian garden to Europe, around 60 BC.

Chinese and Japanese Gardens

Both Chinese and Japanese garden designs are traditionally meant to evoke mountain and river views. However, the intended point of view of the garden is different: Chinese gardens are meant to be viewed from within the garden and are intended as the setting for daily life. Japanese gardens, with some exceptions, are meant to be viewed from inside the house, somewhat like a diorama. In addition, Chinese gardens more often include water features, while Japanese gardens, arranged in a wet climate, will often persist with water advice. (As sand or gravel crawls into wave patterns.) Traditional Chinese gardens are also more likely to treat plants in a natural way, while traditional Japanese gardens may feature shaved plants into mountain shapes. This is in contrast to the handling of stone elements: in Japanese gardens, stones are placed in grouping as part of the landscape, but in Chinese gardens, stones are primarily options may even be placed on a pedestal in a prominent location so that it may be more easily appreciated.

Chinese botanical garden

Chinese garden styles vary among economic groups and differ by dynasties. Rocks, water, bridges and pavilions are one of the most common features of undergraduate parks for wealthy classes, while the terra cotta yard, well, and terra fish tank are common among the general population. Other features such as moon gates and leaky windows (kerawang screens that pierce the surrounding walls) are seen in both groups.

The development of landscape design in China has historically been driven by the philosophy of both Confucianism and Taoism. Geometric symmetry and class boundary strengthening are distinctive characteristics of landscape design in Asian cities, and both characteristics reflect the ideals of Confucianism. While British people use nature outside the home to provide privacy, Chinese houses are compounds made of buildings that are all faced with one or more pages or common areas. Instead of being around the house, the Chinese appreciate the natural spaces within the compound, which are a place for family socializing. Furthermore, the Courtyard in Chinese house reflects the Taoist philosophy, in which the family will try to create a natural abstraction rather than recreation. For example, a Tao park will avoid a straight line and use rocks and water instead of trees, while Asian cities follow Confucius, geometric designs and North American parks usually feature trees and grasses.

There are two ways to look at typical design characteristics of the Chinese garden: first, the concepts of Yin and Yang and second, the longevity myths that emerged during the Qin Dynasty.

Yin and Yang's philosophy illustrates the idea of ​​balance and harmony. The Chinese garden expresses a connection with nature and the idea of ​​balance through the art of imitating the natural setting, thus the existence of mountains, rocks, water, and wind elements. Yin and Yang juxtapose complement each other: as hard as rock can, water softness can dissolve it. The rocks of Lake Tai, the limestone eroded by Lake Tai water, are classic examples. Water, air and light flow through the rock while it is still on display. The leaked windows of the Chinese garden wall illustrate both stability and movement. The window creates a solid painting on the wall, but the firmness changes after the wind blows or the eye moves.

The structure of the Chinese garden is based on the myth of cultural creation, rooted in stone and water. To have longevity is to live between mountains and water; to live with nature, to live like immortal beings (Xian). The garden awakens a healthy lifestyle that makes a person immortal, free from the problems of civilization. Thus, the Chinese landscape is known as Shan (mountain) and Shui (water). (Add Roger's quote).

Symbolism is a key element of Chinese garden design. For earthy tones from the Chinese garden, a touch of red or gold is often added to bring up the Yin/Yang contrast. Red and gold also represent luck and wealth. Bats, dragons, and other mystical creatures carved in wooden doors are also commonly found in Chinese gardens; this is a sign of luck and protection.

The circle describes togetherness, especially for family members, and is depicted at the moon gate and round table placed in a square background. The moon gate and other strange doors also act to frame the view and force viewers to pause for a transition to a new space.

The paths in Chinese gardens are often uneven and sometimes consciously zigzagging. These paths are like parts of human life. There is always something new or different when viewed from different angles, while the future is unknown and unpredictable.

European park

Byzantine Garden

The Byzantine Empire span a period of more than 1000 years (330-1453 AD) and the geographical area of ​​modern Spain and England to the Middle East and North Africa. Perhaps because of this temporal and geographical spread and its turbulent history, none of the dominant garden styles can be labeled "Byzantine forces". Archaeological evidence from public, imperial, and private parks is lacking and researchers have for years been relying on literary sources for clues about the main features of the Byzantine garden. Romantic novels like Hysmine and Hysminias (12th century) include a detailed description of the park and their popularity proves the Byzantine enthusiasm for the pleasure park (locus amoenus). More formal gardening texts like Geoponika (10th century) are actually encyclopedias of accumulated agricultural practices (transplanting, watering) and pagan knowledge (astrology, plant sympathy/antipathy relations) that return to the Hesiod period. Their repeated publications and translations into other languages ​​until the sixteenth century are a testament to the value associated with horticultural knowledge of ancient times. These literary sources serve as handbooks promoting the concept of walled gardens with plants arranged according to their kind. Such ideals are found in suburban gardens (Philopation, Aretai) and magnificent gardens (Mesokepion, Mangana) of Constantinople.

The tradition of Byzantine gardens is influenced by the strong historical background that the empire itself is exposed. The first and foremost influence was the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the empire by its founder, Constantine I. The new religion hinted at the departure of the Greco-Roman ornamental pagan statues. The second influence is increasing contact with Islamic countries in the Middle East especially after the 9th century. Luxurious furnishings in the imperial palace and the adoption of automata in magnificent gardens are testament to this influence. The third factor is a fundamental change in the design of Byzantine cities after the 7th century when they became smaller in size and population as well as more ruralization. A rich aristocratic class that can finance and maintain complex gardens may also shrink. The last factor is the view shifted toward a more "closed" garden space (hortus conclusus); a dominant trend in Europe at that time. The open sights and landscapes favored by garden-builders of Roman villas are replaced by garden walls and beautiful landscapes painted inside the walls. The concept of heavenly heaven is a closed garden gaining popularity during that time and especially after the iconoclastic period (7th century) with emphasis placed on divine punishment and conversion.

The horticultural area that flourished throughout the long history of Byzantium is practiced by monasteries. Although archaeological evidence has provided limited evidence of monastic horticulture, many things can be learned by studying the foundation documents (????, typ typ typ typ typyptypical of the state of ordinary of OFFER OFFER OFFERS OFFERS OFFLY INSTITUTE OF CHINESE OFFICIALS OF INSTITUTE OF ENERGY OF THEORY of of ordinary of the inland of theoretical organs of the state of the art foreigner). From these sources we learn that monasteries keep gardens outside their walls and water them with complex irrigation systems fed by springs or rainwater. These gardens contain vineyards, leafy vegetables, and fruit trees for the food of monks and pilgrims. The role of the gardener is often assumed by the monks as an act of humility. The monastic horticultural practices established at the time were still used in Christian monasteries throughout Greece and the Middle East.

Medieval

The monasteries run the tradition of garden design and intense horticultural techniques during the medieval period in Europe. Rather than one particular horticultural technique used, it is the different purposes that monasteries have for their gardens that serve as evidence of their sophistication. As for gardening practices, limited notes, and no existing monastic gardens that fully comply with their original form. However, there are notes and plans showing the types of parks that a monastery may have, such as the gardens of St. John's. Gall in Switzerland.

In general, this type of monastic garden consists of kitchen gardens, hospital gardens, cemetery, forest cave and vineyard. An individual monastery may also have a "green field", a field of grass and trees where horses can graze, as well as gardens or private gardens for funerals, monks holding certain posts within the monastery.

From a utilitarian point of view, vegetable and herbal gardens help provide both medicinal and medicinal plants, which can be used to feed or care for the monks and, in some cases, the outer community. As stated in St. Gall, these gardens are laid out in rectangular plots, with narrow pathways between them to facilitate the collection of crops. Often these beds are surrounded by wooden fences to keep animals from entering. In the kitchen garden, fennel, cabbage, onion, garlic, spring onion, turnip, and parsnip may be planted, as well as peas, lentils and nuts if space is allowed for them. Health gardens can contain Rosa gallica ("The Apothecary Rose"), tasty, costmary, fenugreek, rosemary, peppermint, rue, iris, sage, bergamot, mint, lovage, fennel and cumin,.

The herb and vegetable gardens serve a purpose beyond production, and that is that their installation and maintenance allow the monks to fulfill the manual working component of the religious way of life determined by the Rule of St. Benedict.

The gardens also serve as a place for food production and as the arena of manual labor, and pine gardens, as detailed in the plan for St. Gall, showed more versatility. Pine gardens not only produce fruit, but are manifested as a natural symbol of the Garden of Heaven. The bi-fold concept of this park as a space that meets the physical and spiritual needs is brought to the garth of the monastery.

The garth monastery, claustrum composed of viridarium, a rectangular grass plot surrounded by arcade peristyle, is forbidden to lay, and serves primarily as a retreat site, the locus of 'vita contempliva'. Vridariums are often split or fenced by roads, and often feature a roofed fountain at the center or garth sides that serve as a primary source for washing water and for irrigation, meeting more physical needs. Some dwarf gardens contain small fish ponds as well, other food sources for the community. Arcades are used to teach, sit and meditate, or to exercise in bad weather.

There are many conjectures about the ways in which the garth functions as a spiritual aid. Umberto Eco describes the green plot as a kind of balm in which a monk may rest with tired eyes, thus re-reading with new vigor. Some experts argue that, although rarely planted, plant materials found in garth monasteries may have inspired religious visions. The tendency to inspire parks with symbolic values ​​is not attached to religious orders alone, but is a hallmark of medieval culture in general. Garth closer garth is intended to represent the four points of the compass, as well as the universe as a whole. As Turner puts it,

Augustine inspired medieval garden makers to keep worldliness and look up for divine inspiration. The perfect square with rounded ponds and pentagonal fountains becomes a microcosm, illuminating the mathematical order and divine grace of the macrocosm (universe).

Walking around the monastery while meditating is a way of dedicating to the "way of life"; indeed, each monastic garden is colored with symbolic and palpable value, testifying to the ingenuity of its creator.

In the Middle Ages, texts, artwork and literary works provide an overview of developments in garden design. During the late 12th to 15th centuries, European cities were walled for internal defense and to control trade. Although space within this wall is limited, surviving documents indicate that there are animals, fruit trees, and kitchen gardens within the city limits.

Pietro Crescenzi, a Bolognese lawyer, wrote twelve volumes about the practical aspects of agriculture in the 13th century and they offer a description of medieval gardening practices. From the text we know that the parks are surrounded by stonewalls, hedging or thick fences, and combine trellises and arbors. They borrowed their form from the square or rectangular shape of the monastery and included a square planting bed.

The grass was also first recorded in the medieval garden. In Albertus Magnus's De Vegetabilibus written about 1260, instructions were given to plant grass plots. Banks raised in grasses called "Turf Seats" are built to provide seats in the garden. Fruit trees are common and often grafted to produce new fruit varieties. The gardens include elevated bumps or mounts for stage to view and plant beds that usually increase on raised platforms.

Two works from the late Middle Ages discussed the cultivation of plants. In the English poem "The Feate of Gardinage" by Jon Gardener and the general household suggestion given at Le MÃÆ' Â © nagier de Paris in 1393, various medicinal plants, flowers, fruit trees and shrubs are listed with instructions on their cultivation. The Menagier gives season advice on planting, planting and grafting. The most sophisticated gardening during the Middle Ages was done in the monasteries. The monks develop horticultural techniques, and cultivation, fruits and vegetables. Using the herbs they develop, the monks treat those who suffer in the abbey and in the community.

During the Middle Ages, the park was thought to unite the world with the divine. The enclosed garden as an allegory for heaven or "lost paradise" is referred to as Hortus Conclusus . With religious and spiritual significance, enclosed gardens are often depicted in the visual arts, depicting the Virgin Mary, a fountain, a unicorn and a rose in a closed area.

Although the Medieval gardens do not have the many features of the Renaissance gardens that follow them, some of the characteristics of these gardens continue to be incorporated today.

The Renaissance

• The Italian Renaissance inspired the revolution in private gardening. The Renaissance private gardens are full of scenes from ancient mythology and other learned figures. Water during this time is primarily symbolic: it is related to the fertility and abundance of nature.
• The first public garden was built by the Spanish Crown in the 16th century, in Europe and America.
• Italian Renaissance Renaissance Garden

French Baroque

• The Garden ÃÆ' la franÃÆ'§aise, or the French Baroque garden, in the Andrà ©  © Le NÃÆ'Â'tre tradition.

The style of a Classical French garden, or Park ÃÆ' la franÃÆ'§aise, reached a climax during the reign of Louis XIV of France (1638-1715) and the chief gardener of Versailles Park, Andrà ©  © Le NÃÆ'Â'tre (1613-1700). The inspiration for these gardens originally came from the Italian Renaissance garden in the 14th and 15th centuries and the ideas of the French philosopher RenÃÆ'Ã… © Descartes (1576-1650). At this time France opened the garden to a very large proportion compared to its predecessor Italy. Their garden symbolizes monarchy and 'man' dominates and manipulates nature to show its authority, wealth, and power.

Renà ©  © Descartes, founder of analytic geometry, believes that the natural world can be measured objectively and that space is indivisible. His belief that "all movements are straight lines, therefore space is a mathematical mathematical grid and all can be found in infinite plane of infinity" gives us Cartesian math. Through a classic French garden, these coordinate systems and philosophies are now given physical and visual representations.

This formal and axial French garden style puts the house centrally in a vast and largely flat land. The large central axis increasingly narrows from the main house, forcing the viewer's perspective to the horizon line, making the property look bigger. The audience is to view the property as a cohesive entity but at the same time can not see all the components of the park. One must be led through a logical progression or story and be struck by an invisible element until it is approached. There are allegorical stories that refer to the owner through sculptures and water features that have mythological references. There is a small, almost invisible, level of change that helps conceal garden surprises and extends the park's view.

These large gardens have organized spaces that are meant to be complicated stages to entertain the palace and guests with drama, concert and fireworks performances. The following list of park features is used:

• AllÃÆ'Â © e
• Axis
• Bosquet
• Channels
• Cul de sac
• The Fountain
• Grottos with rocaille
• Orangerie
• Parterre de broderie
• Patte d'oie (Goose Leg)
• Vert Filter
• Topiary

Mediterranean Mediterranean Mediterranean Garden

Since it became an early hub for Western society and used for centuries, Mediterranean soils become fragile, and one can consider the landscape culture in the region to be a fruitful and frugal conflict. This area consists mostly of small-scale farmland. Later, after World War II, Mediterranean immigrants brought this farming style to Canada, where fruit and vegetable trees in the backyard became common.

Anglo-Dutch park

• Anglo-Dutch formal gardens

Beautiful and British Landscape Garden

The wooded area played a number of roles for England in the Middle Ages, and one of those roles was to produce a game for the nobility. Lords of valuable land are expected to give the animal gifts to hunt during a royal visit. Though in a natural location, forest manor houses can symbolize status, wealth, and power if it appears to have all the facilities. After the Industrial Revolution, the UK forestry industry shrank until it ceased to exist. In response, the Garden City Movement brought urban planning to industrial estates early in the 20th century to offset negative industrial effects such as pollution.

There are several traditions that influence gardening in England in the 18th century, the first is the planting of wood around the house. By the mid-seventeenth century, bush planting became consistent and considered visual and aesthetic. While forest areas were more useful for hunting purposes in England during the Middle Ages, the 18th century pattern shows further deviations in the gardening approach from practicality to design intended to delight the senses.

Likewise, the place of British pleasure is influenced by medieval forest, some of which still exist in 18th-century England. This influence manifests in the form of bushes, sometimes organized in labyrinth or labyrinth formations. And although ancient, shredding became a common characteristic of these early gardens, as this method allowed the light to go down. Shredding is used to create garden gardens, which ideally include a fruit orchard with fruit trees, spices and fragrant flowers, and moss-covered streets.

The beautiful garden style emerged in Britain in the 18th century, one of the growing currents of the larger Romantic movement. Park designers such as William Kent and Capability Brown imitate landscape paintings of European artist allegories, especially Claude Lorraine, Poussin and Salvator Rosa. The manicured hills, lakes and trees adorned with allegory temples carved on the ground.

In 1790 there was a reaction to this stereotypical composition; a number of thinkers began to promote the idea of ​​a beautiful garden. The movement's leader is landscape theorist William Gilpin, an accomplished artist known for his realistic portrayal of Nature. He prefers natural landscapes over well-preserved and urgent designers to respond to the topography of a particular site. He also notes that while classical beauty is associated with a smooth and neat beauty, it has beautiful wild and wild qualities. The beautiful style also incorporates architectural folly - palaces, Gothic ruins, rustic cottages - built to add interest and depth to the landscape

The controversy between the beautiful school and the more well-preserved park proponents entered the 19th century. The landscape designer Humphry Repton supports Gilpin's ideas, especially from harmonizing the park with the surrounding landscape. He was attacked in the press by two rival theorists, Richard Payne Knight and Uvedale Price. Repton replied by highlighting the differences between painting and gardening landscapes, William Shenstone has been credited with coining the term 'gardening landscape'. Unlike painting, viewers move through the park, an ever-changing viewpoint.

The French landscape park, also called jardin anglais or jardin pittoresque, is influenced by contemporary English gardens. Rococo features like Turkish tents and Chinese bridges prevalent in French gardens in the 18th century. The beautiful French garden style falls into two categories: staged, almost like a theater scene, usually rough and exotic, called jardin anglo-chinois, and filled with pastoral romance and rural land sentiment, is influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Former styles are represented by DÃÆ'Â © sert de Retz and Parc Monceau, the last by Moulin Jolie.

The peculiarities found in the beautiful gardens of France also stem from the admiration of Dutch 17th century landscape paintings and the works of 18th-century French artist Claude-Henri Watelet, FranÃÆ'§ois Boucher, and Hubert Robert.

The English Garden is a general term in the English-speaking world for interpretation, derivation, and revival in the style of the original Landscape Garden example.

Garden "Gardenesque"

The "Gardenesque" style of British garden design evolved during the 1820s from the Humphry Repton's Picturesque or "Mixed" style, largely through the efforts of J. C. Loudon, who invented the term.

In the Gardenesque plan, all the trees, shrubs and other plants are positioned and managed in such a way that the character of each plant can be displayed to its full potential. With the spread of botany as a subject of study suitable for the enlightened, Gardenesque tends to emphasize the botanical curiosity and collector approach. New plant materials that will look strange and foreign in the previously obtained gardening arrangements: grass pampas from Argentina and the monkey-puzzle trees of Chile, for example. The winding path is connected with scattered plantings. The Gardenesque approach involves the creation of small-scale landscapes, adorned with features and sketches, to promote the beauty of detail, variety and mystery, sometimes detrimental to coherence. Artificial bumps help to organize bush groups, and island beds are a prominent feature.

The "Wild" Garden and the herb border

William Robinson's books depicting his own "wild" gardens at Gravetye Manor in Sussex, and the beautifully idealized "idealized" sentimental picture of the "garden garden" as described by Kate Greenaway, which has hardly existed historically, both influenced the development of the herb border a mixture advocated by Gertrude Jekyll at Munstead Wood in Surrey since the 1890s. The planting, which mixes bushes with annual and yearly crops and tubers in bed in a more formal structure of terraces and stairs designed by Edwin Lutyens, set the model for high-style gardening, high maintenance until World War II. The Vita Sackville-West Park at Sissinghurst Castle, Kent is the most famous and influential garden of this latest evolving romantic style, published by gardeners gardening columns at The Observer. This trend continues in Margery's fish garden at East Lambrook Manor. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the less structured wild parks emphasized the ecological framework of similar gardens that use native plants. A leading supporter in the United States is the landscape architect Jens Jensen. He designs city and area parks, and private plantations, with aesthetic art and natural beauties.

Garden pattern: revived parterres

Contemporary garden

• Romantic gardens of the English revival cottage
• Modern garden
• Natural habitat park

In the 20th century, modern designs for gardens became important when architects began designing buildings and dwellings with an eye toward innovation and simplifying formal Beaux-Arts and derivative derivative styles, eliminating unnecessary references and trimmings. The garden design, inspired by modern architecture, naturally follows the same philosophy of "forming the following functions". So many philosophies about plant maturity. In the postwar period, homes and domestic life of Americans became more open, especially in western countries such as those promoted by 'Sunset Magazine', with backyards often being outdoors.

Frank Lloyd Wright demonstrates his interpretation of modern parks by designing homes that are in harmony with the natural surroundings. Taliesin and Fallingwater are both examples of careful architectural placement in nature so that the relationship between dwellings and the environment becomes seamless. His son Lloyd Wright was trained in the architecture and landscape architecture of the Olmsted Brothers office, with his father, and architect Irving Gill. He practices the integration of innovative organic structures and landscapes in his works.

Furthermore, Garrett Eckbo, James Rose, and Dan Kiley - known as "bad boys of Harvard" - met while studying traditional landscape architecture to be a leading pioneer in modern garden design. When Harvard embraced modern designs in their architecture school, these designers wanted to interpret and incorporate new ideas in landscape design. They become interested in developing functional space for outdoor living with a design that echoes the natural environment. The modern gardens feature a fusion of arched and architectonic designs that are fresh and many of them abstract art in geometry and sculpture. Spaces are defined by the placement of trees and prudent planting. The work of Thomas Church in California is very influential through his books and other publications. In Sonoma County, California, his 1948-year-old Donnell Park pool, kidney-shaped with an abstract sculpture inside, became an icon of modern outdoor life.

In Mexico Luis BarragÃÆ'¡n explores the synthesis of International style modernism with native Mexican traditions. in private estates and residential development projects such as Jardines del Pedregal (English: Rocky Gardens) and San Cristobal 'Los Clubes' Estates in Mexico City. In civil design, Torres de SatÃÆ' Â © lite is an urban sculpture with a substantial dimension in Naucalpan, Mexico. His home, studio and garden, built in 1948 in Mexico City, were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004.

Roberto Burle Marx is accredited by introducing modernist landscape architecture to Brazil. He is known as a modern natural artist and public urban space designer. He is a landscape architect (as well as a botanist, painter, printmaker, ecologist, naturalist, artist, and musician) who designed gardens and gardens in Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and in the United States in Florida. He works with architects LÃÆ'ºcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer on landscape design for some of the leading modernist government buildings in the Brazilian capital Braslia.

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Historical gardener

Source of the article : Wikipedia