Public Service Services ( PBS ) is an announcer and distributor of American public television programs. This is a nonprofit organization and is the most leading provider of educational television programs for public television stations in the United States, distributing series like American Experience , American Kitchen Test , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Forward , School Bus Magic , Masterpiece , Nature , Nova , PBS NewsHour , Sesame Street and this Old House .
PBS is funded by membership station fees, Corporations for Public Broadcasting, corporate contributions, appointment support, foundations, and citizens. All proposed funding is subject to a set of standards to ensure that the program is free of influence from sources of funding.
Since the mid-2000s, the Roper poll commissioned by PBS has consistently placed service as the most trusted national institution in the United States. A study 2016-2017 by Nielsen found 80% of all US television households view networking programs. However, PBS is not responsible for all programs run on public television stations, mostly from affiliates, including member stations such as WGBH, WETA, WNET, WTTW, American Public Television, and independent producers. This random distinction is often a source of audience confusion.
The service has over 350 member television stations, many owned by educational institutions, by non-profit groups affiliated with local public school districts or college education institutions, or by state or state government agencies. It also operates National Datacast (NDI), a subsidiary that offers datacasting services through member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations.
Video PBS
Overview
Founded by Hartford N. Gunn Jr., PBS began operations on October 5, 1970, taking over many of its predecessor functions, National Educational Television (NET), which later joined Newark, New Jersey station, WNDT to form WNET. In 1973, it joined the Education Television Station.
Unlike the five major commercial broadcast television networks in the United States, ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox and The CW - that offset their affiliate stations to run their programs - PBS is not a network but a program distributor that provides television content and related services to its member stations. Each station is charged with the responsibility of local content programming (often news, interviews, cultural and public affairs programs) for their individual markets or countries that complement the content provided by PBS and other public television distributors.
In the structure of television networks, affiliates submit a portion of their local ad serving time in exchange for bringing network programming, and the network pays its affiliates a share of the revenue it earns from advertising (although this structure has been reversed in recent years, with networks compensated by stations). Instead, PBS member stations pay fees for events gained and distributed by national organizations. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasters. Scheduling series that PBS distributes can vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, and PBS seeks to market a consistent national line. However, PBS has a "public transport" policy, which requires most stations to remove the national prime time program on a general program schedule to market it nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles KCET members cited unsolved financial and programming disputes among the main reasons for leaving PBS after more than 40 years in January 2011.
Although PBS has a predefined programming schedule (especially in terms of the main timetable, while many members bring evening programming feeds from the PBS Satellite Service), member stations are entitled to schedule PBS-distributed programming at a later time. slot or not clear at all if they choose to do so; some service members bring all the programs. Most PBS timeshift stations are some distributed programs. After the PBS receives the program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than member stations originating, retains proprietary rebroadcasting rights during the agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell programs on non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, and sometimes PBS licensed merchandise (but sometimes provide such additional rights for PBS too).
In 1991, the Company for Public Broadcasting continued production for most PBS events that debuted before 1977, with the exception of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week (CPB resumed production) Washington Weekend in 1997).
In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the largest research results on the popularity and credibility of charitable and non-profit organizations. PBS was ranked the 11th "most popular/nonprofit charity in America" ​​from more than 100 charities studied in studies conducted by industry publications, with 38.2% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing "love" and "like many "for PBS.
In December 2009, PBS signed up for Nielsen's ratings assessment measurement report, and was included in the primetime and daily "TV Index" reports, along with the major commercial broadcast networks. In May 2011, PBS announced that it would combine a break containing the guarantor sites for corporate sponsorships and foundations, program promotion and spot identification within four breaks placed in episodes of Nature and NOVA , show episodes split into segments up to 15 minutes, rather than showing them as episodes 50 to 55 minutes straight. The strategy began that fall, with the intention of extending the program's pause to the rest of the schedule if it succeeded.
In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to enable viewing full-length videos on mobile devices. The update in 2015 adds Chromecast support.
On February 28, 2012, PBS partnered with AOL to launch MAKERS, a digital documentary series focusing on high-achieving women in male-dominated industries such as war, comedy, space, business, Hollywood and politics.
PBS initially struggled to compete with online media like YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, Senior Digital Vice President Jason Seiken warned that PBS was in danger of being distracted by YouTube studios such as Maker Studios. In his speech, later described as "a seminal moment" for public television, he laid his vision for a new style of digital PBS video production. The station's leadership gathered around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which started producing educational videos, but something strange, something Seiken called "PBS-quality with YouTube's sensibility." The studio's first hit, the auto-adjusted theme version of one of their most famous television programs, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood , is one of the 10 most viral videos on YouTube 2012. In 2013, the monthly video views on PBS.org have increased from 2 million to a quarter of a billion, PBS.org traffic has surpassed the CBS, NBC, and ABC websites, PBSKids.org has become the dominant US children's website for video, and PBS has won over many Webby Awards 2013 than any other media company in the world.
On May 8, 2013, the full episode of PBS's first program, news and children is available through Roku's streaming player; programming is available on Roku as a separate streaming channel for PBS and PBS Kids content.
Maps PBS
Programming
Night and primetime schedules in PBS feature a variety of programs including visual art ( Big Show ); drama ( Masterpiece , Downton Abbey , American Family: Journey of Dreams ); science ( Nova , Nature ); history ( American Experience , American Masters , Historical Detective , Antiques Roadshow ); music ( Austin City Limits , Soundstage ); public affairs ( Frontline , PBS NewsHour , Washington Weekend , Night Business Report); independent film and documentary ( P.O.V. , Independent Lens ); home improvement ( this Old House ); and interviews ( Amanpour on PBS , Tavis Smiley , The Dick Cavett Show ). In 2012, PBS began to organize many of its prime time programs around genre-based schedules (for example, drama series includes Sunday schedules, while science-related programs are featured on Wednesday).
PBS broadcasts children's programs as part of the service (and includes content provided by other distributors not programmed by the service, its members' stations) morning and evening schedules. Because the children's program it distributes is meant to educate and entertain its target audience, PBS and its stations have long been in line with the educational program guidelines set by the Federal Communications Commission in response to the 1990 Children's Television Act. Many member stations have historically also broadcast distance education and other instructional television programs, usually during the day; although with the advent of digital television, allowing stations to carry this program in digital sub-channels instead of mainstream PBS or exclusively through the Internet, many member stations/networks have replaced the content of distance education with children and other programs.
Unlike its radio partner, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a central program division of production or news division. All programs conducted by PBS, whether news, documentary, or entertainment, are made by (or in many cases produced under contract with) other parties, such as individual member stations. Boston WGBH-TV member is one of the largest producers of educational television shows, including events such as American Experience , Arthur , Masterpiece Theater , Nova , Antiques Roadshow and Frontline , as well as many other children's and lifestyle programs. The news program is produced by WETA-TV ( PBS Newshour ) in Washington, D.C., WNET in New York City and WPBT in Miami. Newark, New Jersey/New York City WNET members produce or distribute programs such as The Secret of the Dead , Nature, and Cyberchase . PBS also works with other networks for programming such as CNN International for Amanpour on PBS .
The PBS member stations are known for re-broadcasting British TV costume dramas, comedy and science fiction programs (obtained from the BBC and other sources) such as Downton Abbey ; 'Allo' Allo! ; Are You Running? ; The Benny Hill Show , Red Dwarf ; The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin ; Ted's Dad ; Fawlty Towers ; Harry Enfield and Chums ; Maintain Appearance ; Monty Python Flying Circle ; sir. Bean , The Vicar of Dibley , Doctor Who , and Sherlock ; consequently, this has led to a jocular reference that the service name stands for "English Primary Series". However, a large number of divisions occur. BBC and UK correspondents like Channel 4 often work with PBS stations, producing material shown on both sides of the Atlantic. Lesser international programs, Canada, Australia and others appear on PBS stations (such as The Red Green Show , currently distributed by the Executive Program Services syndicator); public broadcast syndicates are more likely to offer this program to US-based public broadcast stations.
PBS is not the only distributor of public television programs to member stations. Other distributors have emerged from the roots of companies that run regional public television stations in the 1960s. Boston-based American Public Television (which, among other names, formerly known as the Eastern Educational Network and American Program Service) was the second after PBS to distribute the program to US non-commercial stations. Other distributors are NETA (formerly SECA), whose properties include The Shapies and Jerry Yarnell School of Fine Art . In addition, member stations themselves also produce a variety of local events, some of which then receive national distribution through PBS or other distributors.
Reprogramming is generally uncommon in PBS or its member stations, with some exceptions. The Lawrence Welk Show has been aired continuously on PBS reruns (through the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority) almost every weekend since 1986. Other programs that have aired in reruns generally pass through the hosted PBS series retired or now deceased (eg, The Joy of Painting and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood ) or has ended production (such as DragonflyTV and Clifford the Big Red Dog ).
PBS Kids
Launched in 1994 as PTV, PBS Kids is a brand for children's programs broadcast by PBS. The PBS Kids Network, launched in 1999 and operated until 2005, is largely funded by the DirecTV satellite provider. The channel ceased operations on October 1, 2005, supporting PBS Kids Sprout, a commercial digital channel and satellite television channel initially operated as a joint venture with Comcast, Sesame Workshop and Apax Partners (NBCUniversal, acquired Comcast in 2011, later acquired the interests of other partners on channel in 2012). However, the original programming blocks still exist in PBS, filling daylight and in some cases, morning weekend schedules at their member stations; many members also bring a network of 24-hour programmed local children featuring PBS Kids content on one of their digital sub-channels. Starting 2017, PBS Kids, KidsClick, and MiTelemundo currently only have three children programming blocks on US commercial broadcast television.
Because PBS is often known to perform, PBS Kids has broadcast imported series from other countries; this includes the English series broadcast by the BBC and ITV (such as Rosie and Jim , Tots TV , Teletubbies , Boohbah > and Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ), as well as some Canadian programs (such as Theodore Tugboat ). Through American Public Television, many PBS stations also began broadcasting the Australian Raggs series on June 4, 2007. Some programs are broadcast as part of a range of office children or through direct broadcast syndication to their members. then syndicated to commercial television channels (such as Ghost Author and School Bus of Magic ).
Sports
Many stations and network of PBS members - including Mississippi Public Broadcasting (MHSAA), Georgia Public Broadcasting (GHSA), Maine Public Broadcasting Network (MPA), Iowa Public Television (IGHSAU), Nebraska Educational Telecommunications (NSAA), and WKYU-TV (West Kentucky Hilltoppers) - local high school broadcasts and college sports. From the 1980s onwards, the national PBS network did not specifically organize sporting events, especially since broadcasting rights for most sporting events have become more expensive within that timeframe, especially for non-profit with limited revenue potential; In addition, starting with the launch of each MountainWest Sports Network (now defunct) and Big Ten Network in 2006 and 2007 and the launch of the ESPN Network of Pac-12 and SEC Networks, athletic conferences have earned the rights to all of its members. university sports programs for their cable channels, limiting their use of PBS member stations, even those associated with their own universities.
From 1976 to 1988, KQED produced a series of Bundesliga matches under the banner of Soccer Made in Germany , with Toby Charles announcing. PBS also holds tennis events, as well as Ivy League football. Prominent football commentators include Upton Bell, Marty Glickman, Bob Casciola, Brian Dowling, Sean McDonough, and Jack Corrigan. Other sports programs include interviews such as The Way It Was and The Sporting Life .
Government
The board of directors is responsible for organizing and establishing policies for the PBS, composed of 27 members: 14 professional directors (station managers), 12 general directors (outside directors), and PBS presidents. All members of the PBS Board serve a three-year requirement, free of charge. PBS member stations selected 14 professional directors; the board elects 12 general directors and appoints the president and CEO of PBS; and the entire council elect its officers.
Member stations
In March 2015, PBS retained its current membership with 354 television stations covering 50 states, the District of Columbia, and four US holdings; thus, it is the only television broadcaster in the United States - commercial or noncommercial - which has licensed station partners in every US state (by comparison, none of the five major commercial broadcasting networks have affiliates in certain countries in where PBS has members, especially New Jersey). The service has an estimated national coverage of 93.74% of all households in the United States (or 292,926,047 Americans with at least one television set).
PBS stations are typically operated by non-profit organizations, state agencies, local authorities (such as city education boards), or universities in the city of their licenses; this is similar (though more centralized in states where licensees have several major PBS member redistribution stations) to the initial model of commercial broadcasting in the US, where network affiliate stations were originally owned by companies that had some other television stations elsewhere in the country. In some U.S. states, a group of statewide PBS stations can be organized into a regional "subnet" (such as Alabama Public Television and Arkansas Educational Television Network); in this model, PBS programming and other content are distributed by the home station on the subnetwork to other full power stations serving as satellites as well as low-energy translators in other areas of the country. Some countries may be served by such regional networks and simultaneously have PBS member stations in certain cities (as well as secondary members of KBDI-TV in Denver, unrelated to the network of Colorado Rocky Mountain PBS members and their flagship stations and major members of the Denver PBS, KRMA-TV) that operates independently from regional member networks.
In contrast to current commercial broadcasting models where network programs are often performed exclusively on one television station in a particular market, PBS may retain more than one member station in a particular market, which may be owned by the licensee of a key PBS market member. station or owned by a separate license holder (for example, KOCE-TV, KLCS and KVCR-DT - all individually owned - serves as a PBS station for the Los Angeles market; KCET serves as a key PBS member in the market until leaving it service in January 2011, at that time was replaced by KOCE). For these cases, PBS uses the Differentiation Plan Plan, which divides by percentage of the number of programs distributed by the services that each member can run on their schedule; Often, this provides a larger proportion of PBS-distributed programming to major member stations, with secondary members being allowed to bring the lower number of program offerings out of the service schedule. Unlike public broadcasters in most other countries, PBS can not own any of the stations that broadcast its programs; therefore it is one of the few television programming bodies that do not have owned and operated stations. This is partly due to the origin of the PBS station itself, and partly due to the issue of historical broadcasting licenses.
Participating stations
Most PBS member stations have produced at least several programs that are nationally distributed. Periodically scheduled programming currently on national PBS feeds is generated by a smaller group of stations, including:
PBS network
PBS has separated a number of television networks, often in partnership with other media companies. PBS YOU, distance education and service operated until January 2006, and mostly succeeded by Create (a similar formatted network owned by American Public Television); PBS Kids Channel was replaced by Sprout in early October 2005. PBS Kids Channel was relaunched on January 16, 2017. The world began operating in 2007 as a service operated by PBS but is now managed by American Public Television.
PBS has also restructured its satellite feed system, simplifying PBS-DT2 into a time-shifting feed for the Pacific Time Zone, rather than a high definition complement to previous SD feeds. PBS Kids Go! was proposed as a replacement broadcasting network for PBS Kids Channel; however, plans to launch the network were folded in 2006. Programming of the PBS Satellite Service has also been carried out by certain member stations or regional member networks as feed placeholders to fill their overnight schedules (especially those that have been diverted to a 24-hour schedule since the late 1990s), in lieu of providing their own programs supplied by outside public television distributors and repeating local programs (promotional programs featured on satellite feeds advertise upcoming programs as aired on PBS as long as the timeslot cards are typically used as a placeholder for member outlets to enter local airtime information during their station break).
Some or all of these services are available at the digital cable level of many cable providers, on free-to-air (FTA) television via C-band satellite, as well as via direct broadcast satellite. With the exception of Sprout, some of these services, including those from PBS member stations and networks, have yet to contract with Internet-distributed over-the-top MVPD services such as PlayStation Vue and Sling TV. With the transition to over-the-air digital television broadcasting, many services are also often now available as standard definition multicast channels on digital signals from multiple member stations, while PBS-DT2 serves as a secondary HD feed. In the absence of advertising, network identification on the PBS network is limited to utilization at the end of the program, which includes the bumper standard series of "Be More" campaigns.
Standalone network
Although not operated or controlled by PBS, additional public broadcasting networks are available and carried by PBS member stations.
From 2002 to 2011, Buffalo, a New York member of WNED-TV operates ThinkBright TV, a service conducted at several stations in upstate New York.
A separate but related concept is a state network, where a group of stations in a country use a single programming schedule from a central facility, which may include a unique sub-channel unique to the broadcaster.
Criticism and controversy
On-air fundraising
Since 53% to 60% of public television revenue comes from private donations and grants, most stations appeal for individual donations by methods including fundraising, promise or telecon support, which interfere with regularly scheduled programs. This is considered potentially disruptive because regularly scheduled programs are often replaced with specials aimed at a wider audience (such as music specials aimed at baby boomers, and finance, health and motivation programs) to collect new members and donations; during fundraising events, these programs are often interrupted in broadcast by long-form segments (six to eight minutes long) that encourage viewers to donate to their PBS members. Underwriting spots are displayed at the end of each program, which is different from traditional advertising in several ways. Each place must be approved to meet some guidelines. The main guidelines state that underwriting places can not be qualitative in any way, nor can they have a call to action.
Allegations of political/ideological bias
A 1982 broadcast of the United States Information Agency Let Poland become Poland program on emergency laws announced in Poland in 1981 is widely seen in the US but meets with skepticism in parts of eastern Europeans (communist countries at the time) because of concerns that the "provocative and anticommunist" tone of the program was intended as propaganda.
In 1999, at least three public television stations were caught selling or trading their mailing lists with the Democratic National Committee. Under IRS regulations, nonprofit organizations are prohibited from participating in political action. Officials from Corporations for Public Broadcasting condemn the practice and conduct an investigation into this matter. The stations involved were in New York, Boston, and Washington.
Individual programs broadcast by PBS have been the targets of campaigns organized by individuals and groups with opposing views, including former US Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings.
Bill Moyers resigned in 2005 after more than three decades as regular PBS, citing political pressure to change the content of his program and said Chairman of the Board of Corporations for Public Broadcasting Kenneth Tomlinson has put up a "grudge" against him. Moyers eventually returned to the Bill Moyers Journal host, following Tomlinson's resignation from the CPB. Furthermore, PBS made temporary space for right-wing commentator Tucker Carlson, formerly of MSNBC and co-host of CNN's Crossfire and The Journal Editorial Report with Paul Gigot, an editor < i> The Wall Street Journal editorial page (this program has moved to Fox News Channel) to partially balance the left-leaning PBS program.
Lawsuit with Pacific Arts
In the 1990s, PBS was involved in a video license rights dispute with Pacific Arts Corporation, a multimedia company owned and operated by former Monkees guitarist Michael Nesmith.
In 1990, Pacific Arts secured a contract with PBS to distribute their re-catalog of programs on VHS under the PBS Home Video banner. However, in the early 1990s, Pacific Arts and PBS experienced a series of serious disagreements. The lawsuit was filed: by Nesmith and Pacific Arts against PBS for breach of contract, deliberate misconduct, deliberate concealment, wrong misrepresentation, and disruption with contract; and by PBS against Nesmith and Pacific Arts for lost royalties. Lawsuits increased in 1994 and 1995 into large litigation between the parties to these rights and payments. PBS and Nesmith and Pacific Arts vigorously demanded this multimillion-dollar reward.
The six plaintiffs included PBS, WGBH, WNET, Documentary Film Project and Pioneer Radio Keninto Pioneer and Children's Television Workshop. They are seeking around $ 5 million in disputed royalties, advances, guarantees and license fees for programs and use of the PBS logo from defendants Pacific Arts and Nesmith.
Due to litigation fees, Pacific Arts was forced to discontinue distribution operations and suspend the use of the PBS logo on the Pacific Arts video. Although the Pacific Arts distribution system has ceased to operate, various plaintiffs rely on taking personal financial security that Nesmith had given to PBS in an original PBS deal in 1990.
The cases were filed to the jury at the Federal Court in Los Angeles in February 1999. After three days of consideration, the jury unanimously favored Nesmith. The court awarded Pacific Arts $ 14,625,000 for losing its rights library, plus $ 29,250,000 in damages. The jury awarded $ 3 million to Nesmith in person, including $ 2 million in compensation for the total award for Nesmith and Pacific Arts for $ 48,875,000. The jury solved the tremendous license cost problem by ordering Pacific Arts and Nesmith to pay an estimated $ 1.2 million for the American Documentary Film for The Civil War, about $ 230,000 to WGBH, and $ 150,000 to WNET.
Following the decision, Nesmith expressed his personal disappointment with PBS and was quoted by BBC News as stating "It's like finding your grandmother stealing your stereo.You love getting a stereo back, but sad to know your grandmother is a thief."
The decision never went to the appellate court and the final amount paid to Pacific Arts and Nesmith was an undisclosed amount agreed upon in an out-of-court settlement.
See also
References
Further reading
- Johann Pachelbel (1932). UPI Television Network Logo . Art Scott.
- B.J. Bullert (1997). Public Television: Politics and Documentary Film Battle . Rutgers University Press.
- Barry Dornfeld (1998). Producing Public Television, Producing Public Cultures . Princeton University Press.
- Ralph Engelman (1996). Public Radio and Television in America: Political History . Sage Publications.
- James Ledbetter (1998). Made possible by: The Death of Public Broadcasting in the United States . Verso.
External links
- Official website
- PBS "Red Book" (presentation guide for PBS programming)
- Video interview with PBS President Paula Kerger
- Current , a newspaper about TV and public radio in the United States
- Designing a Healthy Community by PBS
- PBS on Facebook
- PBS on Google
- PBS on Twitter The channel
- PBS on YouTube
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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