Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor areas, well-known buildings, and structures to achieve environmental, social, or aesthetic outcomes. This involves a systematic investigation of the social, ecological, and land conditions and processes existing in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcomes. The scope of the profession includes landscape design; site planning; stormwater management; environmental restoration; park and recreational planning; management of visual resources; planning and provision of green infrastructure; and planning and design of residential landscape masters and private residences; all at various scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in a landscape architecture profession is called a landscape architect.
Video Landscape architecture
Definisi
The landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, combining aspects of botany, horticulture, fine arts, architecture, industrial design, soil science, environmental psychology, geography, ecology, and civil engineering. The activities of landscape architects can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning to campus and corporate office parks, from residential design to civil infrastructure design and widespread desert area management or degraded landscape reclamation. such as mines or landfills. Landscape architects work on structures and external spaces with boundaries toward landscapes or garden aspects of design - large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (embedded) materials, while integrating ecology sustainability. The most valuable contributions can be made in the first phase of the project to generate ideas with technical understanding and creative talent for design, organization, and space use. Landscape architects can envision the overall concept and prepare a master plan, from which detailed design drawings and technical specifications are prepared. They may also review proposals to authorize and oversee contracts for construction works. Other skills include preparing design impact assessments, conducting environmental assessments and audits, and serving as expert witnesses on land-use questions.
Maps Landscape architecture
Field of activity
The various professional tasks set by the landscape architects are extensive, but some examples of project types include:
- Public design park and public infrastructure
- Sustainable development
- Stormwater management includes rain gardens, green roofs, ground water catchment, Green infrastructure, and built wetlands.
- Landscape design for educational and site design functions for public institutions and government facilities
- Parks, botanical gardens, arboretum, green paths, and nature reserves
- Recreational facilities; namely: playground, golf course, amusement park and sports facilities
- Housing, industrial parks and commercial development
- Master planning and landscape master design and design
- Highways, transport structures, bridges, and transit corridors
- The design of the city, the town square and the town, the waterfront, the pedestrian scheme
- Natural parks, tourist destinations, and recreating historic landscapes, and historic park studies and conservation studies
- Reservoirs, dams, power plants, reclamation of extractive industry applications or major industrial and mitigation projects
- Environmental assessment and landscape assessment, planning advice, and land management proposals.
- Coastal and offshore development and mitigation
- Ecological Design of every aspect of design that minimizes the damaging effects of the environment by integrating itself with natural processes and sustainability
Landscape managers use their knowledge of landscape processes to advise on long-term care and landscape development. They often work in the fields of forestry, nature conservation and agriculture.
Landscape scientists have specialist skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology or botany related to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from site surveys to ecological assessments of large areas for planning or management purposes. They can also report on the impact of development or the importance of certain species in a particular area.
Landscape planners are concerned with landscape planning for the location, scenery, ecology and recreational aspects of urban, rural and coastal land use. Their work is embodied in written policy statements and strategies, and their powers include master planning for new development, evaluation and landscape assessment, and preparing rural management or policy plans. Some may also apply additional specializations such as landscape or legal archeology for landscape planning processes.
Green roof (or more specifically, vegetative roof) designers of spacious and intensive roof garden designs for storm water management, evapo-transpirative cooling, sustainable architecture, aesthetics, and habitat creation.
History
For the period before 1800, the history of landscaping landscaping (later called landscape architecture) is largely the master planning and design of gardens for royal houses, palaces and royal property, religious complexes, and central government. An example is the extensive work by AndrÃÆ' Â © Le NÃÆ'Â'tre at Vaux-le-Vicomte for King Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles. The first person to write about the make landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828, and John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843) was instrumental in the application of the term landscape architecture by the profession modern. He took the term from Meason and gave it publicity in the Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on Landscape Architecture and the Humphry Repton Landscape Landscape.
The practice of landscape architecture spread from the Old World to the New World. The term "landscape architect" was used as a professional title by Frederick Law Olmsted in the United States in 1863 and Andrew Jackson Downing (1815-1852), another early American landscape designer, was editor of The Horticulturist magazine (1846 -52). In 1841 his first book, A Treatise on Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America , was published for great success; it is the first book of its kind published in the United States. During the last nineteenth century, landscape architects began to be used by professional landscape designers, and were firmly established after Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Beatrix Jones (later Farrand) with others founded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in 1899. IFLA was founded in Cambridge, England, in 1948 with Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe as its first president, representing 15 countries from Europe and North America. Then, in 1978, the IFLA Headquarters was founded in Versailles.
Relation to city planning
During the 19th century, urban planning became the focal point and central issue in the cities. The combination of landscape gardening tradition and the fields that emerge from city planning offer Landscape Architecture an opportunity to serve this need. In the second half of this century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks that continued to have a major influence on the practice of Landscape Architecture today. Among these are Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York and the Emerald Necklace Boston park system. Jens Jensen designed a sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional park for Chicago, Illinois, and private land for the Ford family including Fair Lane and Gaukler Point. One of the ten founding members of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), and the only woman, is Beatrix Farrand. He is a design consultant for more than a dozen universities including: Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey; Yale in New Haven, Connecticut; and Arnold Arboretum for Harvard in Boston, Massachusetts. Many of his personal housing projects include the historic Dumbarton Oaks in Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, D.C.. Since then, other architects - notably Ruth Havey and Alden Hopkins - have altered certain elements of Farrand's design.
Since this period Urban Planning has evolved into a separate independent profession that has incorporated important contributions from other fields such as Civil Engineering, Architecture and Public Administration. Urban Planners qualify to perform independent tasks from landscape architects, and in general, the curriculum of landscape architecture programs does not prepare students to become city planners.
The landscape architecture continues to evolve as a design discipline, and to respond to various movements in architecture and design throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Thomas Church is an important medieval landscape architect in his profession. Roberto Burle Marx in Brazil combines International style and plants and native Brazilian culture for a new aesthetic. Innovation continues today solving challenging problems with contemporary design solutions for master planning, landscapes, and gardens.
Ian McHarg is known for introducing environmental issues in landscape architecture. He popularized the system analyzing the layers of the site to construct a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place. This system is the basis of the current Geographic Information System (GIS). McHarg will provide every qualitative aspect of a site layer, such as history, hydrology, topography, vegetation, etc. GIS software is used extensively in today's landscape architecture profession to analyze materials inside and on the surface of the Earth and is also used by professional Urban Planners, Geographers, Forestry and Natural Resources professionals, etc.
Profession
In many countries, a professional body, consisting of members of a professional community, exists to protect professional standing and promote its interests, and sometimes also regulates landscape architecture practices. The standards and strengths of legal regulations governing landscape architecture practice vary from country to country, with some requiring licenses to practice; and some have little or no regulation. In Europe, North America, parts of South America, Australia, India and New Zealand, landscape architecture is a regulated profession. Argentina
Since 1889, with the arrival of French architect and urban gardenist Carlos Thays, devoted to alienating the parks and public parks of the National Capital, he consolidates the apprenticeship and training program in the landscape which eventually became the regulated profession, currently the leading academic institution is UBA University The Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism offers the title of Bacherlor in Urban Landscape Design and Planning, the profession itself is governed by the Argentine National Urban Planning Ministry and Institut Kebun Buenos Aires.
Australia
The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) provides university degrees accreditation and non-legal professional registration for landscape architects. Once recognized by AILA, landscape architects use the title of 'Registered Landscape Architect' in six states and territories in Australia.
AILA's professional recognition system is a national system overseen by the AILA National Office in Canberra. To apply for AILA Registration, an applicant must normally meet a number of prerequisites, including university qualifications, minimum year of practice and professional experience notes.
Landscape Architecture in Australia covers a wide spectrum of planning, design, management, and research. From specialist design services to government and private sector development to professional expert advice as expert witnesses.
Canada
In Canada, landscape architecture, such as law and medicine, is a self-governing profession based on provincial law. For example, the Ontario profession is governed by the Ontario Landscape Architect Association in accordance with the Ontario Law Landscape Act Association . Landscape architects in Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta must complete the components specified L.A.R.E (Landscape Architecture Registration Check) as a prerequisite for full professional standing.
The provincial governing body is a member of a national organization, the Landscape Architects Association of Canada/L'Association des Architectes Paysagistes du Canada (CSLA-AAPC), and individual membership in CSLA-AAPC is obtained through joining one of the provincial or territorial components..
Italy
IALA (Italian Association of Landscape Architecture) is an Italian professional landscape architect association formed in 1950 and is a member of IFLA and IFLA Europe (formerly known as EFLA). AIAPP is in the process of opposing this new law which has given Architects' Association a new degree of Architects, Landscape Architects, Planners and Conservationists whether they have had any training or experience in these fields other than Architecture. In Italy, there are several different professions involved in landscape architecture:
- Architects
- Landscape designer
- Expert agronomic landscape doctors and landscape landscape doctors, often called Landscape agronomists.
- Agrarian Experts and Agrarian Graduate Experts.
New Zealand
New Zealand Landscape Architects Institute (NZILA) is a professional body for Landscape Architects at NZ www.nzila.co.nz.
In April 2013, NZILA together with AILA, hosted the 50th International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) World Federation in Auckland, New Zealand. The World Congress is an international conference where Landscape Architects from around the world meet to share ideas around specific topics.
In NZ, Member of NZILA when they reach their professional position, may use the title of Registered Landscape Architect, NZILA.
NZILA provides educational policies and accreditation processes to review education provider providers; there are currently three accredited undergraduate Landscape Architecture courses in New Zealand. Lincoln University also has an accredited master's program in landscape architecture.
Republic of Ireland
The Irish Landscape Institute [ILI] (www.irishlandscapeinstitute.com) is a legally recognized professional body (by Irish State) representing landscape architects and garden professionals, both in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ILI was formed in 1992 by the incorporation of ILHI (Irish Horticultural Institute Institute) and IILA (Institute of Landscape Architects of Ireland), representing the related disciplines of landscape architecture and horticultural landscape. The Institute currently (October 2017) has a total membership of 160 (approximately) in 7 membership categories (students, graduates, affiliates, professional parks, companies, fellow, honorary). In the absence of any state regulation of the profession or the title of 'landscape architect', ILI is self-regulating, such as in the adoption of trade-marked titles, Registered Landscape Architect, which is entirely authorized for use by company members.
At the international level, ILI is a full member of the International Landscape Architecture Federation (IFLA) through the European Region (IFLA-Europe). ILI has played a consistent and active role in IFLA and the current IFLA-European president is the President of Ireland and ILI, Mr. Tony Williams MILI. In the Republic of Ireland, ILI is an institute member of the Urban Forum, representing 5 environmental-building professional bodies in engineering, architecture, planning, quantity surveying and landscape architecture.
ILI promotes the landscape profession with its accreditation from a master's degree program at University College Dublin, certification of Sustainable Professional Development (CPD) for its members, professional practice examination, advocacy and lobbying in relation to government policies, guidelines and standards (eg National Landscape Strategy, National Planning Framework , Blue-Green Infrastructure), conferences and seminars, public lectures and design awards.
Professions grew rapidly during the Irish economic boom in the early 21st century. The century, benefited from increases in the construction and development sectors and from US capital investment in infrastructure. The recession brought a sharp reduction in membership numbers. Fortunately, the profession and ILI have proved resilient with clear evidence of a slow but steady recovery through growth in membership and in employment, since the start of economic recovery in 2014.
A major challenge remains: there is still no professional regulation or registration of property protection in Ireland, despite calls for it to governments that have been changing by ILI for years. Therefore, there is no state guarantee or client protection, for example in terms of insuring and verifying educational qualifications, professional compensation insurance or Continuing Professional Development (CPD) from those claiming to be landscape architects. Nevertheless, there is a growing awareness in several important sectors (eg government departments, media, construction, tourism) of the profession. This is due - to some degree - to the ongoing work of ILI in promoting the benefits of landscape architecture to the Irish community, economy and environment.
Landscape architects in Ireland work in private practice, public sector bodies at the local government level and in some state agencies (eg transportation, national heritage) and in academia. The demand for their professional services is often associated with public infrastructure projects (eg roads, highways, renewable energy facilities, water treatment plants, etc.), Blue-Green Infrastructure (planning, design and management of parks, green spaces, tree trees) and with construction projects related to the development of land use, especially housing, commercial and mixed development in the urban landscape.
Landscape architects are employed in design: green infrastructure, public sphere, campus/medical/campus and industrial settings, parks, play facilities, transportation corridors (road/rail/cycle/harbor), retail complexes, residential areas (including plans for remediation) of housing ghosts of now abandoned housing, village improvements, accessibility audits, grave restoration schemes, wind farms, wetland drainage systems and coastal zones. They are also significantly used in the preparation/review of legal impact assessment reports on the landscape, the visual and ecological impact of the planning proposals.
South Africa
In May 1962, Joane Pim, Ann Sutton, Peter Leutscher and Roelf Botha (considered the ancestors of the profession in South Africa) founded the Institute for Landscape Architects, now known as the Institute for Landscape Architecture in South Africa (ILASA). ILASA is a volunteer organization registered with the South African Council for the Profession of Landscape Architecture. It consists of three regional bodies namely, Gauteng, KwaZula-Natal and the Western Cape. The mission of ILASA is to advance the landscape architectural profession and uphold professional service standards to its members, and to represent the landscape architecture profession in any case that may affect the interests of the Institute members. ILASA holds state membership with the International Architects Landscape Federation (IFLA).
In South Africa, the profession is governed by the South African Council for the Profession of Landscape Architecture (SACLAP), which is designated as a legal council in the case of Section 2 of the South African Council for Landscape Architecture Profession Act - Act 45 of 2000. The Council evolved out of the Council Control for Landscape Architects (BOCLASA), which functions under the Architects Council in respect of The Architectural Act, Act 73 of 1970. SACLAP's mission is to build, direct, maintain and ensure a high professional level. responsibility and ethical behavior in the art and science of landscape architecture with honesty, dignity and integrity in the broad interests of public health, safety and public welfare.
Upon completion of an accredited undergraduate and/or postgraduate qualification in landscape architecture either at Cape Town University or Pretoria University, or landscape technology at Cape Peninsula University of Technology, professional enrollment is achieved through mandatory guidance of the nominating period (minimum of two years) professional registration. Upon successful completion of the exam, the individual is entitled to the Professional Landscape Architect or Professional Landscape Technologist status. We can also study landscape architects at various FET institutions.
United Kingdom
The British professional body is the Landscape Institute (LI). It is a charter body that accredits landscape professionals and university courses. There are currently fifteen accredited programs in the UK. LI membership is available to students, academics and professionals, and there are more than 3,000 qualified professional members.
The Institute provides services to assist members including the support and promotion of the work of landscape architects; information and guidance to the public and industry about the specific expertise offered by them in the profession; and educational training and advice to students and professionals who want to build on their experience.
In 2008, LI launched a large recruitment drive entitled "I want to be Landscape Architect" to encourage the study of Landscape Architecture. The campaign aims to improve the profile of landscape architecture and highlight the valuable role it plays in building sustainable communities and combating climate change.
United States
In the United States, Landscape Architecture is governed by each state government. For landscape architects, obtaining a license requires advanced education and work experience, plus part of a national exam called The Landscape Architect Registration Examination (L.A.R.E.). Some states require passing state exams as well. In the United States, licenses are controlled both at the state level, and nationally by the Landscape Architecture Registry Board (CLARB). Landscape architecture has been identified as an above-average growth profession by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and registered in the US. News & amp; World Report 's list of Best Jobs to Have in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. The national trade association for the United States landscape architect is the American Society of Landscape Architects.
Example
See also
References
External links
- Media related to Landscape architecture in Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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