The fog and theater mist, also known as special smoke effects , fog or fog , is a category of atmospheric effects used in the entertainment industry. The use of fog can be found throughout movies and television productions, live theaters, concerts, nightclubs and raves, entertainment and amusement parks and even in arcade videos and similar places. This atmospheric effect is used to create special effects, to create visible lighting and lighting effects, and to create a certain mood or atmosphere. If someone is in a place of entertainment and a beam of light is seen cutting across the room, it most likely means smoke or fog is being used. Theatrical smoke and fog are indispensable in creating aerial laser effects that are visible to entertain the audience. Recently, cheaper engine fogs have become available to the general public, and the effects of fog are becoming more common in residential applications, from small house parties to Halloween and Christmas.
Theatrical fog and theater mist machine also become more prevalent in industrial applications outside the entertainment industry, due to its ease of use, inherent portability and ruggedness. Common popular applications for theatrical fog include environmental testing (such as HVAC inspections) as well as emergency personnel training and disaster response training.
The military historically uses smoke and fog to hide troop movements in training and combat, techniques that are technically similar to those used in theaters and movies.
Video Theatrical smoke and fog
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Generally there are 4 types of fog effects used in entertainment applications: smoke, fog, fog, and "low" effects.
Smoke
Smoke effect refers to the theatrical atmospheric effects produced by both pyrotechnic materials, such as Smoke Cookies, and pre-fabricated smoke cartridges; or other, flammable material such as incense or HVAC or pen pencil.
Smoke is distinguished from other atmospheric effects because it consists of solid particles that are released during combustion, rather than liquid droplets of mist or mist composed of.
Fog
The mist is created by pumping one of a variety of different glycols or glycols/water mixtures (referred to as mist fluid) into the heat exchanger (basically a metal beam with heating resistance element in it) and heating until the fluid evaporates, creating a translucent thick cloud or opaque. Devices made specifically for this purpose are referred to as fog machines.
The outdated method of creating the theater mist on the stage (though this technique is still commonly used in motion) is by using a device known as thermal fogger, originally designed to distribute pesticides, which aspirate oil products (usually kerosene or propane), ignite the fuel , and then mixed in the air and pesticides to create a thick fog. For theatrical purposes pesticides are usually replaced with glycols, glycols/water mixtures, or water. This technique is similar to a smoke generator used by the military to create smoke screens, and is generally only used outdoors due to the volume of mist produced and the necessary fuel oil.
The "lie" mist effect can be created by combining fog machines with other devices designed specifically for this purpose. When the fog out of the fog machine is cold, either by passing a device that contains fans and ice, or by passing a device that contains a fan and a compressor similar to an air conditioner. The result is a relatively thick fog that lives a few meters from the ground. When the fog warms, or disturbs, it rises and disappears. Some theater mist fluid manufacturers have developed specially formulated blends designed specifically for use with CO 2 , which are intended to provide thicker and more consistent fog effects. Although these cold devices do not use carbon dioxide, specially formulated fogs make the mist more dense than regular mist fluid.
Smoke
The mist effect refers to the creation of an unobtrusive and homogeneous cloud that is intended primarily to reveal the light beam, such as "light fingers" in rock concerts. This effect is generated by using a mist engine, usually done in one of two ways. One technique using mineral oil, which is atomized through an electrically powered spray pump or compressed CO 2 , breaks mineral oil into a fine mist. Another technique for creating haze is using a mixture of glycol/water to create a mist in a process that is almost identical to it to create a fog effect. In both cases the fluid used is called a mist fluid, but different formulations are incompatible or interchangeable. Glycols/water mist fluids are sometimes referred to as "water-based mist" to avoid ambiguity.
Smaller fog volumes can also be generated from aerosol tubes containing mineral oil under pressure. Although the resulting fog density and the volume of space that can be charged significantly smaller than the fog machine, aerosol tubes have the advantage of portability, there is no requirement for electricity and better control over the volume of mist produced.
Carbon dioxide and dry ice
Liquid carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), stored in a compressed cylinder, is used in conjunction with the theater fog machine to produce a "low" fog effect. When the CO 2 liquid is used to cool the theater fog, the result is a thick fog that remains within a few feet of the ground. When the fog warms, or disturbs, it rises and disappears. Some theater mist fluid manufacturers have developed specially formulated blends designed specifically for use with CO 2 , which are intended to provide thicker and more consistent fog effects. The duration of the effect is determined by the heating cycle of the theater fog machine and the level of CO liquid consumption 2 .
Carbon dioxide can also be used as its own atmospheric effect. When the CO 2 fluid is released into the air, usually through an electric solenoid valve to control time and duration, the carbon dioxide fluid expands into vapor and condenses water vapor in the air, creating large, steaming clumps. When the solenoid valve is closed, CO 2 steam rapidly spreads in the air, ending the effect almost instantaneously. This effect can be used for a variety of applications, including steam geyser simulations, in fireworks, or to create instant opaque walls to reveal or disappear during magic actions.
Dry ice effects (solid carbon dioxide) are produced by heating the water to or near the boil in the appropriate container (for example: a 55 gallon drum with a water heater coil inside it), and then falling in one or more pieces of dry ice. Because carbon dioxide can not exist as a liquid at atmospheric pressure, dry ice will sublimate and instantly produce gas, condense water vapor and create a thick white mist. A fan is placed at the top of the container directing the fog where needed, creating a rolling fog that lies low to the ground. Because the submerged dry ice cools water, the amount and duration of the resulting fog will decrease, requiring a period of "rest" to reheat water.
Dry ice can also be used together with a fog machine to create a low fog effect. Dry ice is placed inside an insulated vessel with a hole at each end. The mist of the mist engine is pumped on one side of the container, and allowed to flow out from the other end. While this technique allows one to make low-cost "low-cost" mists (when compared to the cost of renting a CO 2 liquid cylinder or an impervious heater with an integral heater), the low volume-that the resulting fog is usually less, and more susceptible to atmospheric disturbances.
Nitrogen
Liquid nitrogen (N 2 ) is used to create a lowland fog effect in a manner similar to dry ice. An engine heats water at or near its boiling point, creating steam and increasing moisture in a sealed container. When liquid nitrogen is pumped into the container, the moisture rapidly condenses, creating a thick white mist. A fan placed at the output of the container directs the fog where necessary, creating a rolling fog that lies low to the ground. These types of machines are usually referred to as "dried foggers" because the fog created by this method consists only of water droplets, and as it disappears there is little or no residue left on any surface. Dry Fogger is also a trademark name for a particular brand of this fog machine.
Maps Theatrical smoke and fog
Historical usage
The Globe Theater (1598-1613) reported using smoke effects during performances for atmospheres and special effects.
On March 23, 1934, Adelaide Hall opened at Harlem's Cotton Club at The Cotton Club Parade 24th Edition. In the Hall show was introduced the song "Ill Wind", which Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler wrote specifically for him. It was during Hall's "Ill Wind" rendition that nitrogen smoke was used to cover the floor of the stage. It was the first time such an effect had ever been used on stage and caused a sensation.
Smoke test
When using a smoke machine, a common test is to fill a smoke-filled place to see if there is a smoke detector alive, or if there is a smoke leak from where it is sufficient to power the detector on the other side of the site under test. This practice is known as the smoke test.
Awards
Techniques and technologies for creating smoke and fog effects continue to grow. Individuals who create and develop theater mist for use in the entertainment industry have received much recognition for their efforts.
Academy of Art and Motion Image Science
Achievement of technical achievement
- On March 7, 1992, the Motion Picture and Motion Arts Academy presented a Technical Achievement Award to Jim Doyle for the design and development of the Dry Fogger, which uses liquid nitrogen to produce a safe, dense, low-hanging dry mist.
- On February 28, 1998, the Mobile Image Art Academy presented the Technical Achievement Award to James F. Foley (UCISCO); Charles Converse (UCISCO); F. Edward Gardner (UCISCO); Bob Stoker and Matt Sweeney for the development and realization of the Liquid Synthetic Water system.
- On January 4, 2008, the Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy presented a Technical Achievement Award to JÃÆ'¶rg PÃÆ'¶hler and RÃÆ'¼diger Kleinke from OTTEC Technology GmbH for the design and development of a battery-operated fog-type series known as "Tiny Foggers. "
The operating characteristics of this compact, well-engineered and well-controlled package allow for a virtually impractical special effect that is completely impractical with larger and more conventional fog units.
Scientific and technical awards
- On March 25, 1985, the Motion Picture and Motion Arts Academy presented Scientific and Technical Awards to GÃÆ'¼nther Schaidt of Rosco Laboratories for the development of better and non-toxic liquids to create fog and smoke for motion picture production.
Bad health effects
Carbon dioxide
Unsafe carbon dioxide concentration can cause headaches, nausea, blurred vision, dizziness and shortness of breath. Higher concentration will result in loss of consciousness and death from suffocation. When using compressed carbon dioxide or dry ice, care should be taken to ensure adequate ventilation is available at all times, and the procedure is there to immediately clear CO 2 from the enclosed space in an emergency.
Liquid carbon dioxide (-56.6 ° C) and dry ice (-78.5 ° C) present a significant risk of frostbite if mis-treated. Appropriate protective clothing, such as long sleeves and gloves, should always be worn when handling this product. Liquid carbon dioxide, stored in a compressed cylinder, also presents all the dangers present in the material under pressure and must be handled appropriately.
Liquid nitrogen
Nitrogen itself is relatively non-toxic, but in high concentrations it can replace oxygen, creating the danger of suffocation. Liquid nitrogen (-195.8 ° C) presents a significant risk of frostbite or cold if handling is faulty. Appropriate protective clothing, such as long sleeves and gloves, should always be worn when handling this product. Liquid nitrogen is stored in a compressed cylinder, and therefore presents all the dangers present in the material under pressure and must be handled appropriately.
Art and artificial fog
A number of studies have been published on potential health effects presented by the theater and artificial fog exposure.
The first completed study was conducted by Consultech Engineering, Co. based on a contract with Actor's Equity. The findings from the Consultech study were confirmed by two additional studies - Health Hazard Evaluation completed in 1994 by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and another in 2000 by the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine and ENVIRON; both prepared for Actors Equity and League of American Theaters and Producers, focusing on the effects on actors and players in Broadway musicals. The conclusion of all three studies is that there is irritation of mucous membranes such as the eyes and respiratory tract associated with extended peak exposure to theater mist. The exposure guidelines described in a 2000 study which, determined, should prevent actors from adversely affecting their health or vocal abilities.
Another study focuses on the use of theater mist in the commercial aviation industry for emergency staff training in simulated fire conditions. This study found that eye irritation and respiratory tract may occur.
In May 2005, a study published in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine, conducted by the School of Environment and Health at the University of British Columbia, observed adverse respiratory effects on crew members at various entertainment venues ranging from live theater, concert, television and film production to the video arcade. The study determined that cumulative exposure to mineral oil and glycol based fog was associated with acute and chronic side effects on respiratory health. The study found that short-term exposure to glycol fog was associated with cough, dry throat, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and fatigue. The study also found long-term exposure to smoke and fog was associated with short-term and long-term breathing problems such as chest tightness and wheezing. Personnel working closest to the fog machine have reduced the lung function.
The Entertainment Services and Technology Association (ESTA) has compiled standards for theatrical fog or artificial compositions for use in entertainment venues that are "unlikely to be harmful to players, technicians, or members of a healthy, normal working age audience of 18 to 64 years, inclusive. "This standard is based primarily (though not exclusively), on the findings of reports commissioned to ESTA by the Cohen Group and only applicable fog mist compositions comprising a mixture of water and glycol (called" water-based "mist fluid).
Short-term exposure to glycol fog can be associated with headaches, dizziness, drowsiness and fatigue. Long-term exposure to smoke and fog may be associated with upper airway and sound symptoms. Extended (multi-year) exposure to smoke and fog has been associated with short-term and long-term respiratory health issues. Efforts should be made to reduce the smoke exposure of the theater to the lowest possible level. The use of digital effects in post-production on film and television sets can be considered a safer practice than using smoke and theater fog during filming, although this is not always practical.
See also
- Fog Machine
- Fog Machine
References
External links
- US Theater Effects - Many Fog FAQs Found on This Site
- Rosco U.S. - How the Mist Machine Works
- Ontario Ministry of Labor - Fog and Smoke Safety Guide for the Live Show Industry
- - Fog Film Special Effects
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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