A desk or bureau is a flat-table-style furniture used in schools, offices, homes or the like for academic, professional or domestic activities such as reading, writing or using equipment such as computers. The desk often has one or more drawers, compartments, or pigeonholes to store items such as office supplies and paper. Tables are usually made of wood or metal, although glassy materials are sometimes seen.
Some tables have table shapes, though usually only one side of the table is fit to sit on (there are some exceptions, like a partner table), unlike most ordinary tables. Some tables do not have table shapes, for example, cabinet tables are tables built in large closets like cabinets, and portable desks are light enough to be put in someone's lap. Because many people lean on the desk when using it, the table must be sturdy. In most cases, people sit at a desk, either in a separate chair or an integrated chair (for example, at some school desks). Some people use a standing table to be able to stand while using it.
Video Desk
Etimologi
The word "table" comes from the Latin Modern desca "table to be written", from the mid-14th century. This is a modification of the Ancient Italian desco "table", from Latin discus "dish" or "disc". The desk has been used figuratively since 1797. The table can also be known as a bureau, counter, davenport, escritoire, podium, stand reading, folding table, school table, workspace, or writing desk.
Maps Desk
History
Desk-style furniture does not seem to be used in classical antiquity or in the ancient centers of other educated civilizations in the Middle East or the Far East, but there is no specific evidence. Medieval illustrations show the first pieces of furniture that seem to have been designed and constructed for reading and writing. Prior to the invention of a moving type printing machine in the fifteenth century, any reader could potentially be a writer or publisher or both, as any book or document had to be hand-copied. The tables are designed with slots and hooks for markers and for stationery. Because the volume of manuscripts is sometimes large and heavy, the tables in the period usually have very large structures.
Renaissance-era tables and then have relatively leaner structures, and more drawers are added because woodworking becomes more appropriate and cabinet making becomes a different trade. It is often possible to find out whether other tables or furniture were designed for use as a table, looking for a drawer with three small separations (each for ink pots, blotter and powder tray) and storage for pens.
The basic table form was developed especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. The modern ergonomic desk was a refinement of a mechanically complicated drawing table or desk draft from the late 18th century.
Industrial era
The refinement of the first table forms was quite large in the 19th century, as the steam-driven machine made cheap paper dregs become possible near the end of the first phase of the Industrial Revolution. This allows an increase in the number of white-collar workers. As these office workers grow in number, the tables are mass-produced for them in bulk, using newer steam-driven milling machines. This is the first sharp division in table making. Since then, a limited number of well-made tables have been continuously built by major cabinet makers for wealthy homes and offices, while most desks are assembled rapidly by unskilled labor of batch-generated components by machine tools. Thus, age alone does not guarantee that the antique table is a masterpiece, because this separation of quality occurred over a hundred years ago.
More paper and correspondence push the need for more complex desks and more specialized desks, such as folding tables that are mass-produced classic cylinder variants. It provides a relatively quick and inexpensive way to lock up the document flow constantly without having to store everything at the end of the day. Paper documents become thick enough to be stored separately in the filing cabinet. Correspondence and other documents are now too much to get enough attention to be rolled or folded again, then summarized and labeled before superimposed in a small compartment above or below the work surface. Wooton's famous and other table is the final manifestation of the "put aside" style. The surfaces of some of the newer tables can be converted into different shapes and corners, and are ideal for artists, drawers, and engineers.
Steel version
A small explosion in office work and table production occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the introduction of smaller and cheaper electricity suppression and efficient carbon paper coupled with the typewriter's acceptance. Steel tables were introduced to pick up heavier paper and withstand the impacts dropped on the typewriter. It also spawns a "typewriter table", a platform, sometimes on wheels and with surfaces that can be expanded through flaps, built to a certain height to make typing easier and more comfortable than when using a standard or traditional table. L-shaped tables are also becoming popular, with "feet" used as attachments for typewriters.
Another major expansion took place after the Second World War with the spread of photocopy. The document further increases the number of workers on the table, whose work surfaces are reduced in size when office rent increases, and the paper itself is transferred more and more directly to the filing cabinet or sent to a specialized record management center, or converted to microfilm, or both. The modular table seating some close co-workers became common. Even executive or management desks are mass-produced, constructed of cheap plywood or wooden planks lined with wood, as the number of people managing white-collar workers gets bigger.
Student model
The student desk may be a table form intended for use by applicants in primary, secondary or post-secondary education. Anna Breadin designed and patented a one-part school table in the late 1880s built with a desk mounted in front of a wooden chair and backrest. Prior to this, most students in America sat in chairs or benches on long tables.
In homes, the term "student desk" refers to a small table or writing desk built for use by teens or pre-teens in their rooms. It is often a pedestal table, with only one of two poles and about two thirds of the table surface. Such tables are sometimes called "left-handed tables" and "right-handed tables", depending on the position of one base. These tables are not as tall as a normal adult table. In some cases, the table is connected from chair to table.
Tables are usually mass-produced in steel or wood and sold in the consumer market. There are various kinds of plans available for woodworking enthusiasts to build their own versions. Modern student desks are often made with laminated table tops and plastic chairs molded in a single unit, with storage found under the desktop or on the wire rack under the seat. There are many novel forms of student desks created to maximize the relatively limited area available in the child's room. One of the most common is bunk bed tables, also called "loft beds".
Influence of computer
Until the late 1980s, desks remained a place for documents and "business machines", but personal computers hold large and medium businesses. The new office suite includes a "knee-hole" credenza which is the place for the terminal or personal computer and keyboard tray. Soon, the new office design also includes "U-shape" suites that add a bridge around the surface between the rear credenza and the front desk. During the North American recession in the early 1990s, many managers and executive workers were asked to perform word processing and other functions previously solved by typing pools and secretaries. This requires the placement of more central computers on these "U-shaped" table systems.
With a more general computer, "computer paper" becomes office supplies. The beginning of this paper boom gave birth to the dream of "paperless office", where all the information would only appear on a computer monitor. However, the ease of printing personal documents and lack of convenience by reading text on computer monitors caused a lot of printing of documents. The need for document workspaces to compete with the increase of desk space taken by computer monitors, computers, printers, scanners, and other peripherals. The need for more space causes some desk companies to attach some accessory items to the courtesy panel at the back of the table, such as strip outlet and cable management, in an attempt to rid the desktop of the electrical mess.
Through the "technological boom" of the 1990s, the number of office workers increased along with the cost of renting office space. The cubicle table became widely accepted in North America as an economical way to squeeze more desk workers into the same space, without shrinking the size of their narrow work surface. The cubicle wall has become a new place for workers to put papers and other items that have been left on the horizontal desktop surface. Even the bezels computer monitors themselves are used to attach reminder notes and business cards.
In the early 2000s, private office workers discovered that the sides and backs of computers-placing their furniture made it difficult to show the contents of the computer screen to guests or co-workers. Manufacturers have responded to this problem by creating a "front-facing" table where a computer monitor is placed on the front of the "U-shape" workstation. This advanced computer monitor placement promotes a clearer line of sight to greet co-workers and makes it possible to view common information displayed on the screen.
Replacement of a large CRT monitor with a flat panel LCD frees up significant space on the desktop. However, the screen size is often increased to accommodate multiple windows on the screen, to display more information simultaneously. Lighter weights and sleeker profiles of the new displays allow them to be mounted on flexible arms, so they can swing to the view or get out of the way, and adjust as often as necessary.
Important example
The Resolute Desk in the Oval Office has been used by many American presidents, including John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Barack Obama. It was made of HMS Resolute wood, abandoned English ships were found by American ships and returned to the Queen of Great Britain as a sign of friendship and goodwill. Queen Victoria commissioned a table from William Evenden, Royal Naval Dockyard in Chatham, England, and presented it to President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1880.
See also
- List of table forms and types
References
Further reading
- Aronson, Joseph. The Encyclopedia of Furniture . 3rd edition. New York: Crown Publishers Inc., 1965.
- Bedel, Jean. Le grand guide des styles . Paris: Hachette, 1996.
- Boyce, Charles. Furniture Dictionary . New York: Roundtable Press, 1985.
- Comstock, Helen. American furniture: style of the 17th, 18th and 19th century . Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. 1997
- Duncan, Alastair. Mobilier art dÃÆ' Â © co . Paris: Thames and Hudson, 2000
- Forrest, Tim. Anatomy of Bulfinch from Antique Furniture . London: Marshall edition, 1996.
- Hinckley, F. Lewis. Antique Furniture Directory: Authentic European and American Design Classification . New York: Bonanza Books, 1988.
- Moser, Thomas. Measured Store Image for American Furniture. New York: Sterling Publlishing Inc., 1985.
- Nutting, Wallace. Financial Furniture . New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1963.
- Oglesby, Catherine. French provincial decorative art . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951.
- Payne, Christopher, Ed. Sotheby Concise Encyclopedia of Furniture . London: Conran Octopus, 1989.
- PÃÆ'Ã… © legrin-Genel, Elisabeth. L'art de vivre au bureau . Paris: Flammarion, 1995.
- ReyniÃÆ'¨s, Nicole de. Le mobilier domestique: Vocabulaire Typologique . Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1987.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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