Dentures (also known as dentures ) are artificial devices to replace missing teeth; they are supported by soft and hard tissues around the oral cavity. Conventional dentures can be removed (partially removed by denture or complete denture). However, there are many denture designs, some of which rely on bonding or gripping of teeth or dental implants (permanent prosthodontics). There are two main categories of dentures, the difference is whether they are used to replace missing teeth in the mandibular arch or at the arch of the upper jaw.
Video Dentures
Causes of tooth loss
Patients can be completely edentulous for many reasons, the most common being the removal of dental disease that is usually associated with oral flora control, ie periodontal disease and tooth decay. Other reasons include pregnancy, dental developmental defects caused by severe malnutrition, genetic defects such as imperfection of dentinogenesis, trauma, or drug use.
Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory lesion mediated by a heat-parasite interaction that causes the loss of connective tissue bonding to the root surface and finally to the alveolar bone. This is the loss of connective tissue to the root surface causing the tooth to fall off. Hormones associated with pregnancy increase the risk of Gingivitis and vomiting.
Hormones released during Pregnancy soften cardia muscle rings that store food in the stomach, Hydrochloric acid is an acid involved in Gastric Reflux; or also known as morning sickness. This acid; at pH 1.5-3.5 coating enamel on tooth; at a pH of 6.5 and primarily affecting the surface of the maxillary tooth palate, the enamel is finally softened and easily removed.
Traumatic tooth refers to trauma (injury) on teeth and/or periodontium (gum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone). A strong force can cause a completely dislocated tooth root from its socket, mild trauma can cause scratched teeth.
Maps Dentures
Benefits
First and foremost it is important to remember that dentures are not teeth. Dentures do not feel like real teeth, nor do they work like real teeth.
Dentures can help patients through:
- Chewing or chewing ability is enhanced by replacing the edentulous area with denture.
- Aesthetics , because the presence of teeth gives a natural look to the face, and using artificial teeth to replace missing teeth provides support for lips and cheeks and improves the collapsed appearance resulting from tooth loss.
- Pronunciation , because replacing missing teeth, especially anterior, allows the patient to speak better. Especially there is an increase in uttering words containing sibilant or fricative.
- Self-esteem , as improved display and speech increase confidence in the ability to interact socially.
Type
Partial removable partial teeth
Partial removable partial teeth for patients who lose some of their teeth on a particular arch. Partial partial dentures, also known as dentures "crowns and bridges," are made of crowns attached to remaining teeth. They act as buffers and pontics and are made of materials that resemble missing teeth. Bridges remain more expensive than removable equipment but are more stable.
Another option in this category is flexible partial, which leverages innovation in digital technology. Flexible partial fabrication involves only non-invasive procedures. Dentures can be difficult to clean and can affect oral hygiene.
Complete dentures
Complete dentures are worn by patients who lose all the teeth in a single arch - that is, the maxillary arch (top) or lower jaw (bottom) - or, more commonly in both arches.
Copy of dentures
Can be made for partial but mostly complete denture patients. These dentures require fewer visits to make and are usually made for older patients, patients who will have difficulty adjusting to new dentures, will love a pair of dentures or like the aesthetics of their dentures. This requires an impression of the current dentures of the patient and fixes them.
Materials
Dentures are mainly made of acrylic because of the ease of material manipulation and resemblance to intra-oral tissue, ie. gum. Most manufactured dentures are made of heavily heat-preserved polymethyl methacrylate and rubber-reinforced polymethyl methacrylate. Dye agents and synthetic fibers are added to obtain shade like tissue, and to mimic small capillaries of the oral mucosa, respectively. However, dentures made from acrylic can be brittle and break easily if the patient has difficulty in adapting neuromuscular controls. This can be overcome by strengthening the denture base with cobalt chromium (Co-Cr). They are often thinner (therefore more comfortable) and stronger (to prevent recurrent fractures).
As technology advances, disposable dentures with a built-in sense induction core are made possible by BeakLab *. BeakLab * is a group laboratory designer who keeps improving on original products. Disposable dentures are one of many results based on the results of a 4-year research study.
History
In the early 7th century BC, Etruscans in northern Italy made dentures partly from human teeth or other animals tied together with gold ribbons. The Romans might have borrowed this technique in the 5th century BC.
Dentures of wooden teeth were created in Japan around the beginning of the 16th century. The softened bee wax is put into the patient's mouth to create an impression, which is then filled with a harder beeswax. Dentures are then carefully carved on the model. The earliest tooth is made entirely of wood, but the newer version uses natural human teeth or sculpted pagodite, ivory, or animal horns for teeth. The dentures are built on a broad base, exploiting adhesion principles to stay in place. This is an advanced technique for this era; it will not be replicated in the West until the end of the 18th century. Wooden dentures continued to be used in Japan until the opening of Japan to the West in the 19th century.
In 1728, Pierre Fauchard described the construction of dentures using metal frames and teeth carved from animal bones. The first porcelain dentures were created around 1770 by Alexis DuchÃÆ'Â ¢ teau. In 1791, the first British patent was awarded to Nicholas Dubois De Chemant, his previous assistant to Duchateau, for 'De Chemant's Specification':
[...] Compositions for the purpose of making a single double denture either in a complete line or set, as well as springs for tightening or affixing the same in a way that is easier and more effective than those found to date that say the teeth may be made of color or any color, that will be stored for a long time and consequently will resemble a natural tooth.
He began selling his wares in 1792, with most of his porcelain pastes supplied by Wedgwood.
Peter de la Roche of the 17th century is believed to be one of the first "tooth operators", men who advertise themselves as specialists in dental work. They often become professional goldsmiths, ivory ivory, or barber students.
In 1820, Samuel Stockton, a goldsmith with trade, began producing high quality porcelain dentures mounted on 18 karat gold plates. Then the dentures of the 1850s were made from Vulcanite, a hardened rubber form in which porcelain teeth were fitted. In the 20th century, acrylic resins and other plastics were used. In the UK, the Adult Dental Health Survey revealed that in 1968 79% of those aged 65-74 had no natural teeth; in 1998, this proportion fell to 36%.
George Washington
George Washington (1732-1799) suffered problems with his teeth throughout his life, and historians have traced his experience in great detail. He lost his first teeth when he was twenty-two and only one was left when he was president. John Adams said he lost them because he used them to break the Brazil nuts but modern historians suggest the mercury oxide, which he administered to treat diseases such as smallpox and malaria, possibly contributing to the loss. He has several sets of dentures made, four of them by a dentist named John Greenwood. None of the sets, contrary to popular beliefs, are made of wood or contain wood. The set made when he became president carved out of hippos and elephants, held together with golden springs. Prior to this, he had a set with real human teeth, a possibility he bought from "some unnamed Negro, probably a slave to Mount Vernon" in 1784. Washington's dental problems caused him pain, in which he took laudanum. This tribulation may be seen in many portraits that were painted while he was in the office, including those still used on the $ 1 bill.
Fully manufactured dentures
Modern dentures are most commonly made in commercial dental laboratories or by dentists using a combination of shady powder on polymethylmethacrylate acrylic tissue (PMMA). This acrylic is available as a type of heat cured or cold healed. The commercially produced acrylic teeth are widely available in hundreds of tooth shape and color.
The process of denture fabrication usually begins with the initial impression of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. Standard impression materials are used during the process. Initial impression is used to create simple stone models that represent the upper and upper jaw arches of the patient's mouth. This is not a detail impression at this stage. After the initial impression is taken, the stone model is used to create a 'Custom Impression Tray' which is used to take a second and far more detailed and accurate impression of the patient's maxillary and mandibular ridge. The polyvinylsiloxane impression material is one of the most accurate ingredients used when the final impression is taken from the maxillary and mandible mountains. The wax rim is made to assist the dentist or dentist in determining the vertical dimensions of occlusion. After this, registration of bites is made to marry the position of one arch with another.
Once the relative position of each of the archs to the other is known, the wax rim can be used as a basis for placing the selected denture in the correct position. The arrangement of these teeth is tested in the mouth so adjustments can be made to occlusion. After the occlusion has been verified by the dentist or dentist and patient, and all phonetic requirements are met, denture is processed.
Artificial denture processing is usually done by using a lost wax technique in which the final denture forms, including denture acrylic, is invested in stone. This investment is then heated, and when melted wax is removed through a radiating channel. The remaining cavities are then filled with forced injections or poured in uncured denture acrylic, which is a type of heat cured or cold-healed. During the processing, hot-preserved acrylics - also called permanent denture acrylics - through a process called polymerization, which causes the acrylic material to be tightly bound and require several hours to complete. After the curing period, the stone investment is removed, the acrylic is polished, and the denture is finished. The end result is an artificial tooth that looks much more natural, much stronger and more durable than a temporary denture that heals cold, refuses stains and smells, and will last for years.
Cold cured or cold pour dentures, also known as temporary dentures, do not look very natural, are not very durable, tend to be highly porous and are only used as temporary means until more permanent solutions are found. These types of dentures are inferior and tend to be cheaper due to the rapid production time (usually minutes) and low cost materials. It is not recommended that patients use cold dentures that are cured for long periods of time, as they are susceptible to cracks and may break easily.
Problems with complete dentures
Problems with dentures may arise because patients are not accustomed to having something in their mouth that is not food. The brain feels the tool and interprets it as 'food', sends a message to the salivary glands to produce more saliva and eject it to a higher level. This usually occurs only within the first 12 to 24 hours, after which the salivary glands return to their normal output. New dentures can also be the cause of pain spots when they suppress the soft tissue of the denture (mucosa). Some denture adjustments in the days after the false teeth insertion can solve this problem. Clogging is another problem faced by a small percentage of patients. Occasionally, this may be due to a loose denture, too thick or extend too far posteriorly to the soft palate. Sometimes, choking can also be associated with psychological rejection of the denture. Psychological assault is the most difficult to treat as it comes out of the dentist's control. In such cases, implanted toothless teeth may be constructed. Sometimes there can be gingivitis infection under dentures done, which is caused by the accumulation of dental plaque. One of the most common problems for complete new denture wearers is the loss of taste sensation.
Dentures do not work like natural teeth. It takes time to learn how to use dentures correctly. Food should be cut into small pieces and placed on the back teeth on both sides to balance the chewing. Denture chewing happens up and down bilaterally, not on one side. One side of chewing will cause dentures to be removed. Biting a front artificial tooth will cause the back of the dentures to be removed. Dentures only work correctly when the force is applied evenly across the chewing rear teeth surfaces.
Prosthodontic principles
Support
Support is a principle that explains how well the underlying mucosa (oral tissue, including the gums) keeps the artificial teeth moving vertically toward the corresponding curve during chewing, and thus becomes too depressed and moves deeper into the arch. For the mandibular arch, this function is provided primarily by the buccal shelf, a laterally elongated area of ​​the back or the posterior back, and by a pear-shaped bear (the most posterior region of the keratin gingiva formed by scaling of the molar papilla after the last molar extraction). Secondary support for complete mandibular dentures is provided by the peak of the alveolar peak. The maxilla arch receives major support from the horizontal hard palate and alveolar posterior alveolar peak. The larger the denture flanges (the false tooth extending into the vestibule), the better the stability (another parameter for assessing the compatibility of complete denture). Long flanges outside the functional depth of the sulcus are common mistakes in denture construction, often (but not always) causing movement in function, and ulceration (denture denture).
Stability
Stability is a principle that illustrates how well the artificial tooth base is prevented from moving in the horizontal plane, and thus shifts from side to side or from front to back. The more denture bases (pink matter) in smooth and continuous contact with an uneven ridge (the hill where the tooth is used to dwell, but now only the remaining alveolar bone with the upper mucosa), the better the stability. Of course, the higher and wider the back, the better the stability, but this is usually the result of patient anatomy, restriction of surgical intervention (bone graft, etc.).
Retention
Retention is a principle that explains how well artificial teeth are prevented from moving vertically in the opposite direction of insertion. The better the topographic mapping of the intaglio surface (interior) from the denture base to the underlying mucosal surface, the better the retention (in partially removable partial tooth, the clamp is the main barrier), as surface tension, suction and friction will help in keeping the denture base from breaking intimate contact with the mucosal surface. It is important to note that the most important element in the maxillary dental retention design is the complete and total border seal (complete peripheral seal) to achieve 'suction'. The border seal consists of the anterior and lateral posterior and palatal posterior edges. The palatal palatal posteral design is achieved by covering the entire hard palate and extending beyond the soft palate and ends 1-2 mm from the vibrating line.
Prosthodontists use a scale called Lime index to measure denture stability and retention.
Implant technology can greatly improve the experience of wearing dentures by increasing stability and preventing bone from wearing off. Implants can also help retention. Instead of simply placing the implant to serve as a blocking mechanism of denture's prosthesis on the alveolar bone, a small retention apparatus can be attached to the implant that can then enter the modified denture base to allow for greatly increased retention. Available options include a metal "Hader bar" or a precision ball attachment.
Fit, maintenance, and resurface
In general, some dentures tend to be held in place by the presence of remaining natural teeth and complete dentures tend to rely on muscle coordination and limited suction to remain in place. Maxilla is very common to have a more favorable anatomical cushioning because the ridge tends to form well and there is a larger area on the ceiling for suction to maintain denture. In contrast, the mandible tends to make lower dentures less retentive because of higher tongue shifts and resorption rates, often leading to higher lower resorption. Disto-lingual areas tend to offer retention even in reabsorbed jaws, and the extension of flanges into these areas tends to produce more retentive retarded dentures. Implants that support lower dentures are another option to increase retention.
The suitable dentures for the first few years after creation will not necessarily match well for the rest of the user's life. This is because the bones and oral mucosa are living tissues, which are dynamic for decades. Bone remodeling never stops in living bones. The irregular jaws tend to progressively resorb for many years, especially the mandible alveolar shoulder. The mucosa reacts to being scrubbed chronically by dentures. An incompatible dentures accelerate both processes compared to a false tooth that fits. Poor tooth can also lead to the development of conditions such as epulis fissuratum. In addition, occlusion (chewing tooth surfaces) tends to disappear over time, which reduces the chewing properties and decreases the vertical dimensions of occlusion, ("openness" of the jaw and mouth).
When the false teeth no longer match well, the right action is to seek further treatment. Denture adhesives are recommended for dentures, even the right ones. The adhesive improves retention, closes the border to prevent food slipping down, and mixes the soft tissue of rigid acrylic. Using an artificial tooth adhesive can improve compatibility, but it tends to work best when only a small amount is used. Covering the entire surface of the denture's fitting on the adhesive keeps it poor. Adhesives can compensate for the denture ejection gradually, but that is only a temporary solution; it does not solve the problem. Fortunately, dentures can often be attributed to adhesives to improve compatibility, and this process is cheaper than making new dentures. Overall, well-made dentures can last about 5 years (or more), but this is different for each patient.
Complications and recommendations
Making a complete set of dentures is a challenge for every dentist/dentist. There are many axioms in the production of dentures that must be understood; ignorance of one axiom can lead to denture failure. In most cases, complete dentures should be comfortable immediately after insertion, although almost always at least two adjustment visits are necessary to eliminate the cause of sore spots. One of the most important aspects of dentures is that denture impression must be made perfect and used with the perfect technique to make accurate models of patient edentulous gums (toothless). The dentist or dentist should use a process called border molding to ensure that the denture flanges are properly extended. An array of problems can occur if the final impression of a denture is not made correctly. It takes enough patience and experience for a dentist to know how to make dentures, and for this reason it may be in the best interest of the patient to find a specialist, either prosthodontists or dentists, to make artificial teeth. A dentist is a trained and licensed professional who sees patients who need dentures, partials, relines or repairs. A dentist not only takes an impression, but makes the whole dentures in his own laboratory. The dentist then schedules the date for delivery of completed dentures to the patient. A general dentist can do a good job of making dentures, but only if he is meticulous and experienced. Many dentists no longer make their own dentures. but takes the impression from the patient's mouth and then sends an impression to the dental laboratory, which can be anywhere in the world, or send the patient to the dentist. After the lab receives the patient's dental impressions, the laboratory makes plaster prints from the patient's mouth. The laboratory uses a mold to make a wax rim used to register a patient bite. This wax rim is returned to the dentist, who uses it to register a patient bite. Dentists can assist patients in choosing the right dental size for dentures, or simply make their own selection. Once the bite registration is completed and the tooth is selected for dentures, the wax rim is usually returned to the dental laboratory to have the artificial tooth plugged into the wax. After the teeth are inserted into the wax rim, the result is a denture that looks almost like a finished product. The finished dentures are usually returned to the dentist's office and patients usually have the opportunity to approve the installation (for dentures soon or standard) or to try denture before completion. Once approved by the patient, the dentist returns the pre-denture to the laboratory for final processing. The finished dentures are then returned to the dentist's office to be sent to the patient.
Maxillary artificial teeth (tooth knobs) are usually relatively easy to make so stable without slippage.
Complete lower artificial teeth should or should be supported by two to four implants placed in the mandible for support. Implanted lower back forged teeth are far superior to lower dentures without implants, because:
- Much more difficult to get adequate suction on the lower jaw.
- The functioning of the tongue tends to damage the suction, and
- Without teeth, ridges tend to absorb and provide less dentures and less stability over time. It is a routine to be able to bite apples or corn-on-the-cob with a low denture docked by an implant. Without implants, this is quite difficult or even impossible.
In some cases, implant-supported denture implants have several advantages over conventional dentures. They offer increased comfort due to less irritation to the gums, confidence due to less slipping risk, and less plastic appearance required for retention purposes. Patients with implant-supported denture have improved the efficacy of chewing and can speak more clearly.
However, like anything else, there is a downside. Dental implant teeth tend to be quite expensive. Costs of $ 15,000 to $ 30,000 for complete incomplete top and bottom implant teeth are not uncommon. Most dental insurance plans do not cover the total cost of denture implants. Possible rejection of the implanted support may occur. If there is not enough bone, it may take a bone grafting. Minimally invasive surgery may also be needed. Treatment times can vary from three to six months.
In cases where a patient requires complete upper and lower dentures, the cost can be reduced by having an unopened top artificial tooth outside, because retention of the upper false teeth is much easier to achieve, and lower dentures implant, due to lower dentures tend not to match otherwise.
Some patients who believe they have 'bad teeth' can consider taking all of them extracted and replaced with complete dentures. However, statistics show that most patients receiving this treatment end up regretting it. This is because complete dentures only have 10% of the strength of natural teeth chewing, and it is difficult to make them well attached, especially in the arches of the lower jaw. Even if a patient maintains one tooth there, one tooth contributes significantly to the stability of the denture. However, retention of only one or two teeth in the upper jaw does not contribute much to overall denture stability, since the complete incomplete denture tends to be very stable, in contrast to the lower complete denture. It is thus recommended that patients keep their natural teeth as long as possible, especially in the case of lower teeth.
Cost
In countries where denturism is legally perpetrated by dentists it is usually dental associations that publish cost guides. In countries where performed by dentists, dental associations typically issue cost guides. Some governments also provide additional coverage for the purchase of dentures by seniors. Typically, only standard low-cost dentures are covered by insurance and because many individuals prefer to have premium cosmetic dentures or premium precision dentures they rely on consumer dental financing options.
A low cost denture starts at about $ 300- $ 500 per denture, or $ 600- $ 1,000 for a complete set of top and bottom dentures. These tend to be cold cured false teeth, which are considered temporary due to the lower quality materials and the efficient processing methods used in their manufacture. In many cases, there is no chance to try it to fit before they finish. They also tend to look artificial and not as good as high-quality dentures.
An artificial tooth that is cured at medium price (and better quality) usually costs $ 500 - $ 1,500 per denture or $ 1,000 - $ 3,000 for a complete set. Teeth look much more natural and more durable than dentures that are cured or temporary. In many cases, they may be tried before they are finished to ensure that all teeth close (meet) properly and look aesthetically pleasing. This usually comes with a 90 days to two year warranty and in some cases a money-back guarantee if the customer is not satisfied. In some cases, subsequent adjustment costs to dentures are included.
Dentures that are dried with premium heating can cost $ 2,000 - $ 4,000 per denture, or $ 4,000 - $ 8,000 or more for one set. Dentures in this price range are usually completely customized and personalized, using high-end materials to simulate the appearance of gums and teeth as closely as possible, lasting longer and justified against chipping and cracking for 5-10 years or longer. Often the price includes multiple follow-up visits to fine-tune the match.
In the UK, as of March 13, 2018, an NHS patient must pay Ã, Â £ 244,30 for a dentist to be made. This is a flat rate and there are no additional fees to be paid regarding the materials used or the required appointments. Personally, this can cost more than Ã, Â £ 300.
Cares
Daily denture cleansing is recommended. Plaque and tartar can accumulate on dentures, just like natural teeth. Cleaning can be done by using a chemical or mechanical denture cleanser. Dentures should not be used continuously, but rather left out of the mouth while sleeping. This is to allow the tissue to recover, and to wear dentures at night is likened to sleeping in shoes. The main risk is the development of fungal infections, especially denture-related stomatitis. Dentures should also be removed during smoking, because heat can damage acrylic denture and acrylic that is too hot can burn soft tissue.
Importance of cleaning dentures
Deposits such as microbial plaque, calculus and food waste can accumulate in dentures, which can cause problems such as angular stomatitis, denture stomatitis, unwanted odors and flavors and coloration. Deposits can also accelerate the rate of decline of some denture materials. Because of this deposit, there is an increased risk of denture wearers and others around them developing systemic disease by organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but studies show that denture cleansers are effective against MRSA. Therefore, denture cleansing is very important for the health of the denture wearer as a whole and for the health of the person who comes into contact with it.
Brush
Upon receipt of dentures, patients should frequently brush their teeth with soap, water and a soft nylon toothbrush that has a small head, as this will allow the brush to reach into all areas of the artificial tooth surface. The fur should be soft so they can easily adjust to the contour of the dentures for adequate cleaning, while the rigid fur will not be able to adjust well and tends to cause abrasion of the denture's acrylic resin. If a patient has difficulty using a toothbrush, eg. patients with arthritis, a brush with easy grip modification can be used.
Revealing the solution can be used at home to make less obvious plaque deposits more visible to ensure thorough cleansing of the plaque. Food coloring can be used as a disclosure solution if used correctly.
Instead of brushing their dentures with soap and water, patients can use pastes designed for dentures or conventional toothpicks to clean their dentures.
Immersion
Patients should combine their artificial toothbrushing by immersion in immersion immersion over time as this combined cleansing strategy has been shown to control denture plaque. Due to microbial invasion, the lack of use of immersion immersion and inadequate denture plaque control will cause rapid damage to the soft layer of denture.
Denture cleanser and cleaning method
Liquid cleansers that dentures can be immersed into them include: bleach eg sodium hypochlorite; effervescent solutions such as basic peroxides, perborates and persulfates; acid cleaner.
hypochlorite cleaners
Hypochlorite cleaners have disinfectant actions and they remove living organisms and other sediments from the surface, but they are not good at removing calculus from the surface of denture teeth. Immersing dentures in hypochlorite solution for more than 6 hours will occasionally remove the heavy denture plaque and dye. Furthermore, since microbial invasion is prevented, soft layer material malfunction does not occur. Although, cobalt chromium corrosion has occurred when hypochlorite cleaners have been used and they can also result in faded acrylic and silicone layers, but the softness or elastically of the coating is not greatly altered.
effervescent cleaners
Effervescent cleansers are the most popular dipping immersion and include alkaline peroxides, perborates and persulfates. Their cleansing action occurs with the formation of small bubbles that move loosely attached material from the surface of the denture. They are not very effective as a cleanser and have limited ability to remove microbial plaque. In addition, they are safe to use and do not cause damage to acrylic or metal resins used in denture construction. Nonetheless, they are capable of causing rapid damage to some short-term soft layers. The color change from acrylic resins to white artificial teeth often occurs, however, this occurs because the patient does not follow the manufacturer's instructions and often adds very hot water to the cleaning agent.
Acid cleansers
Sulfuric acid is a type of acid cleaner used to prevent the formation of calculus on dentures. Suphlamic acid has excellent compatibility with many denture materials, including metals used in artificial tooth construction. 5% hydrochloride acid is another type of acid cleaner. In this case, the denture is immersed in a hydrochloric cleanser to soften the calculus so it can be brushed. Acid may cause damage to clothing if it is accidentally spilled and may cause corrosion of cobalt-chromium or stainless steels if soaked in acid frequently and over a long period of time.
Other denture cleansing methods
Other denture cleansing methods include enzymes, ultrasonic cleaners and microwaved exposure. A Cochrane Review found that there is weak evidence to support dentures in immersion in effervescent tablets or in enzymatic solutions and while the most effective method for removing plaque is unclear, the review suggests that brushing with the paste removes microbial plaques better than inactive methods. There is a need for research to provide reports on material costs and negative effects that may be related to their use as these factors may affect the acceptance of such materials by patients which in turn will affect their effectiveness in day-to-day arrangements over the long term. In addition, further research comparing different methods of dental cleansing is required.
See also
- Golden teeth
- Teeth restorative material
Note
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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