A grass is a ground covered land area planted with grass and other durable crops such as clover that is maintained at short altitudes with lawn mowers and used for aesthetic and recreational purposes. The general characteristic of the grass is that it consists only of grass species, it is subject to weeds and pest control, it is subject to practices aimed at maintaining a green color (eg, watering), and it is regularly trimmed to ensure acceptable length, although these characteristics are not binding as a definition. Grass is used around homes, apartments, commercial buildings, and offices. Many city parks also have large lawn areas. In the recreational context, the special name grass , pitch , the or green field can be used, depending on the sport and the continent.
The term "grass", refers to a managed grass room, not earlier than the 16th century. Tied to suburban expansion and the creation of household aesthetics, lawn is an important aspect of the interaction between the natural environment and the urban and suburban spaces being built. In many suburbs, there are regulations that require homes to have lawns and require proper maintenance of this lawn. In some jurisdictions where there is water shortages, local government authorities are encouraging alternatives to grass to reduce water use.
Video Lawn
Etimologi
Grass is a cluster of llan derived from the Common Brittonic word Dutch (Ancient France: launde Maps Lawn
History
Origins
Grass may originate as a grassy cage at the beginning of medieval settlements used for communal livestock grazing, which is different from the fields provided for farming. The word "laune" was first proven in 1540, and possibly related to the Celtic word Brythonic lan/lun/lunun , which has the meaning of a cage, often in relation to places of worship.
Grass became popular with aristocracies in northern Europe since the Middle Ages. The early lawn is not always distinguishable from pasture. The humid climate of Western Europe in the north makes the grass possible to grow and be managed. They are not part of the garden in the region and other cultures of the world until contemporary influences.
Prior to the invention of the lawn mower in 1830, the grass was managed very differently. They are elements of plantations and mansions, and in some places are managed by methods of scything and labor-intensive shaving. In most situations, they are also pasture land that is guarded through shepherding by sheep or other livestock. Grass areas regularly grazed by rabbits, horses or sheep for long periods often form very low and tight stands similar to modern grasses. This is the original meaning of the word "grass", and the term can still be found in place names. Some of the extensive grazing forest areas still have this seminatural grass. For example, in New Forest, England, such pastoral areas are common, and are known as grasses, for example Balmer Lawn. Grasses similar to today first appeared in France and England in the 1700s when AndrÃÆ'Â © Le NÃÆ'Â'tre designed the Versailles garden that covered a small area of ​​grass called vertical filter , or" green carpet ".
English Grass
It was not until the 17th and 18th centuries that parks and lawns became the first created place as sidewalks and social areas. They consist of prairie plants, such as camomile, a particular favorite. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Jacobean era began gardening; during this period, a very tight cut "English" grass was born. At the end of this period, the English lawn was a symbol of aristocracy and nobility status; This indicates that the owner is able to keep land not used for building, or for food production.
At the beginning of the 18th century, landscaping gardening for aristocracy entered the golden age, under the direction of William Kent and Lancelot "Capabilities" Brown. They perfected the style of a British landscape garden with a natural setting design, or "romantic", for the wealthy British people. Brown, remembered as "Britain's greatest gardener," designed more than 170 parks, many of which still survive. His influence was so great that contributions to the English garden made by his predecessors Charles Bridgeman and William Kent were often ignored.
His work still survives at Croome Court (where he also designed the house), Blenheim Palace, Warwick Castle, Harewood House, Bowood House, Milton Abbey (and nearby Milton Abbas village), in footsteps at Kew Gardens and many other locations. His style with the smooth undulating grass that runs smoothly to the house and the meadows, groves, belts and scattering of the trees and the meandering lakes formed by the invisible small rivers stem, is a new style in the English landscape, the form of "without a garden" landscape gardening, which swept almost all the rest of the previously patterned formal style. The landscape is fundamentally different from what they replace, the famous British official parks criticized by Alexander Pope and others from the 1710s.
The open "English style" of the park was first spread throughout England and Ireland, and then throughout Europe, as the park was replaced by a French landscape park. At this time, the word "grass" in England has changed semantically to describe a patch of grass-covered garden and cut close. Rich families in America during the late 18th century also began to imitate the style of the British landscape. In 1780, the Shaker community started the first industrial production of high quality grass seeds in North America, and a number of seed and nursery companies were set up in Philadelphia. The increased availability of these weeds means they are in abundant supply for parks and residential areas, not just cattle.
Thomas Jefferson has long been honored for being the first person to try the English-style grass on his plantation, Monticello, in 1806, but many others try to imitate the British landscape before he does so. Over time, more and more cities in New England began to emphasize grass spaces. Many scholars attribute this development to the romantic and transcendental movements of the nineteenth century. The green commons are also strongly linked to the success of the Revolutionary War and are often the home of patriotic war memorials after the Civil War ended in 1865.
Middle class pursuit
Before mechanical lawn mowers, maintenance of the lawn was only possible for aristocracy's wealthy homeless and homeless homes. Solid scything methods of work and cutting of grass are needed to keep the lawn in the right state, and most of the land in the UK is needed for more functional agricultural purposes.
This all changed with the invention of a lawn mower by Edwin Beard Budding in 1830. Budding had an idea for a lawnmower after seeing a machine in a local fabric factory that uses a cutting cylinder (or a bladed reel) mounted on a bench to trim irregular nap from surfaces of woolen fabrics and fine finishing touches. Budding realized that a similar device could be used to mow the lawn if the mechanism was mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate near the surface of the grass. The design of the cutting machine will be used primarily to mow the lawns on the wide sports and garden fields, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and he was granted a British patent on August 31, 1830.
In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding, Ferrabee pays for development costs and obtains the right to produce, sell, and license other producers in lawnmower production. Budding formed a partnership with local engineer, John Ferrabee, and together they made a cutting machine at the plant in Thrupp near Stroud. They allow other companies to make copies of their cutting machines under license, the most successful of these, are Ransomes, Sims & amp; Jefferies of Ipswich who started the production of cutting machines in early 1832.
However, the model has two crucial weaknesses. It was very heavy (made of cast iron) and was difficult to maneuver in the garden, and did not mow the grass very well. The blades often spin on the grass without any use. It took more than ten years and further innovation, including the advent of the Bessemer process for the production of much lighter alloy steels and advancements in motorization such as drive chains, for lawn mowers to be a practical proposition. Middle-class families across the country, in imitating aristocratic landscaping gardens, began to grow neatly trimmed grasses in their back gardens.
In the 1850s, Thomas Green of Leeds introduced a revolutionary cutting machine design called Silens Messor (which means a silent cutters), which use the chain to transmit power from the rear roller to the cylinder cutter. The machine was much lighter and quieter than the gear-driven machine that preceded them, and won the first prize at the first lawn mower trials at London Horticultural Gardens. So began a major expansion in the production of lawn mowers in the 1860s. James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam-powered mower in 1893. Around 1900, Ransomes' Automaton, available in chain or gear models, dominated the UK market. In 1902, Ransomes produced the first commercially available cutting machine that was powered by an internal combustion gasoline engine. JP Engineering of Leicester, established after World War I, created the first cutting machine.
This goes hand in hand with the booming consumer market for grass from the 1860s onwards. With the increasing popularity of sports in the mid-Victorian period, lawnmowers are used to make modern-style sports ovals, playgrounds, pitches, and grass for newborn sports, grass bowls, lawn tennis, and so on. The emergence of Suburbanization in the interwar period was strongly influenced by the Ebenezer Howard park movement and the creation of the first garden park at the turn of the 20th century. The garden outskirts, developed through the social reform efforts of Henrietta Barnett and her husband, cite the well-kept mix of grass into suburban life. The suburbs increased dramatically. Harrow Weald changed from only 1,500 to more than 10,000 while Pinner jumped from 3.00 to over 20,000. During the 1930s, more than 4 million new suburban homes were built and the 'suburban revolution' had made Britain the most chained country in the world by a sizable margin.
Grass began to breed in America since the 1870s. As more and more plants are introduced from Europe, the grass becomes smaller because they are filled with stretches of flowers, perennials, sculptures, and water features. Eventually the rich began to move from the city to the new suburban community. In 1856, an architectural book was published to accompany the development of a new suburbia that places the importance of the availability of grass spaces for children to play and the space to grow fruits and vegetables that are increasingly accompanying the grass with cultural importance. Grass began to make more appearances in development plans, magazine articles, and catalogs. The grass becomes less associated with being a status symbol, rather than giving way to the aesthetics of the landscape. Improvements in lawn mowers and water supplies allow the spread of grass culture from the Northeast to the South where grass grows worse. This in combination with the setback rules that require all homes to have a 30-foot distance between the structure and sidewalks means that the yard has found a special place in the suburbs.
United States
Before European colonization, the grass on the East Coast of North America was mostly broomstick, wild rye, and swamp grass. When Europeans moved into the region, it was noted by colonists in New England, more than anything else, that the grasses in the New World were lower than those of the British and that their animals seemed to receive less nutrition from them. In fact, once cattle were brought abroad from Europe scattered throughout the colony, many of New England's grasses disappeared, and the inventory list from the 17th century recorded the stock of clover and grass seeds from England. The new colonists were even urged by their country and company to bring grass seeds with them to North America. At the end of the 17th century, a new market of imported grass seeds had begun in New England.
Most of the new grass brought by Europeans spread quickly and effectively, often in front of the colonists. One such species, Bermuda grass ( Cynodon dactylon ), becomes the most important pasture grass for the southern colony.
Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis ) is a genuine European or Middle Eastern grass. It was probably taken to the Midwestern United States in the early 1600s by French missionaries and spread through water channels to areas around Kentucky. However, it may also have spread throughout the Appalachian mountains after the introduction on the east coast. Kentucky Bluegrass is now one of the top three pasture grasses in the United States and the most desirable grass species for grass.
The peasants initially continued to harvest grasslands and swamps of original grass until they became too old. These areas rapidly fell into erosion and were flooded with unfavorable plant life. Soon, farmers began deliberately planting new grass species in these areas, hoping to improve the quality and quantity of straw to provide their livestock because native species had lower nutritional value. While Middle Eastern and European grass species are very good on the East Coast of North America, it is a number of grasses from the Mediterranean that dominate the Western coastal areas. Since cultivated weeds are valued for their nutritional benefits to livestock, farmers rely less on natural grasslands in more colonized areas of the country. Finally, even the grasses of the Great Plains are flooded with more enduring European species with imported cattle grazing patterns. An important factor in the spread of grass in America is the passage of the law in 1938 from 40 working hours a week. Until then, Americans usually work half a day on Saturdays, leaving little time to focus on their lawns. With this law and the housing boom after the Second World War, the managed grasslands became more common. Creation at the beginning of the 20th century country clubs and golf courses complete the revival of the grass culture.
According to research based on satellite observations by Cristina Milesi, NASA Earth System Science, its forecast: "More surface area in the United States devoted to grass than to irrigated individual crops such as maize or wheat.... areas, spanning approximately 128,000 square kilometers in all".
The grass monoculture is a reflection of more of the interest in offsetting shrinkage, it propagates the homogeneity of the periphery itself. Although grass has been a recognizable feature in British settlements since the 19th century, a revolution in grassland industrialization and monoculture since World War Two fundamentally changed the ecology of grass. Intensive suburbs both concentrate and expand the spread of lawn maintenance which means increased inputs not only petrochemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides, but also natural resources such as water.
The front grass became standard in the 1930s when, over time, certain aspects such as grass types and maintenance methods became popular. The lawn care industry thrived, but the Great Depression of the 1930s and in the pre-World War II period made it difficult to maintain the cultural standards that have become closely related to grasses due to grass seed shortages in Europe, the major American supplier. However, seed distributors such as Scotts Miracle-Gro Company in the United States encourage families to continue to nurture their grass, promoting it as a stress-relieving hobby. During the war itself, homeowners were asked to maintain a front-facing home, possibly as a show of strength, spirit, and solidarity. After World War II, aesthetic grass once again became a standard feature of North America, bouncing back from its minor decline in previous decades with revenge, particularly as a result of the housing boom and postwar population.
G.I. Bill in the United States let former American soldiers buy homes without making a down payment, while the Federal Housing Administration offered a lender's inducement that helped reduce the down payment for an average American from 30% to as little as 10%. This development makes your own home cheaper than rent, further enabling the spread of suburbia and its pages.
Levittown, New York is the beginning of an industrial estate in the 20th century, and with industrial proxies. Between 1947 and 1951, Abraham Levitt and his sons built more than seventeen thousand homes, each with its own yard. Abraham Levitt wrote, "There is no single feature of the suburban housing community that contributes to the charm and beauty of individual homes and territories as well-kept lawns". Landscape is one of the most important factors in Levittown's success - and there is no more prominent feature than grass. The Levitts understand that landscaping can add to the attractiveness of their development and claim that, "value enhancement is most often found in environments where grass appears as a green carpet" and that, over the years, "grass and bush trees become more valuable aesthetic and monetary ". During 1948, the first spring enjoyed by Levittown, Levitt and Sons fertilized and restored all grass at no cost.
The economic recession that began in 2008 has led many communities around the world to dig up their lawn and plant fruit or vegetable gardens. It has the potential to greatly alter the cultural values ​​embedded in the yard, as they are increasingly seen as unfriendly to the environment and the economy in a modern context.
Australia
The emergence of grass in Australia followed closely after it was established in North America and parts of Europe. Lawn was founded on the so-called "natural strip" by the 1920s and is common throughout Australia's burgeoning suburbs. This term is uniquely Australian, offensive, perhaps, a human desire to control nature. In the 1950s, the Australian-designed Victa lawn mower was used by many who turned grassland into grass and also exported to dozens of countries. Prior to the 1970s, all original brushes and species were removed from the construction site and replaced with grasses utilized by imported plant species. Since the 1970s there has been an interest in using native species for grass, especially given the lower water demand. Grass is also established in the garden area as well as used for sports surfaces.
Over time, taking into account the frequency of drought in Australia, the movement toward "naturalism", or the use of native plant species in the yard, is beneficial. These grasses are more drought resistant than their European counterparts, and many want to keep their grass switched to this alternative or allow their green carpets to return to the bush in an effort to reduce tension on water supplies. However, the grass remains a popular surface and its practical and aesthetic appearance reduces the use of impermeable surfaces such as concrete. The increasing use of rainwater storage tanks has increased the ability to maintain them.
After the recent drought, Australia has experienced a change in the summer turfgrass season, especially in southern states such as New South Wales and Victoria which are dominated by temperate climates in urban areas. More drought tolerant grasses have been chosen by boards and homeowners for the choice of using less water compared to winter turfgrass such as fescue and ryegrass. Light dormancy seems to be of little concern when high-profile areas can be oversowned for short or current, grass colourants (fake green) are very popular.
Usage
Grass is a common feature of private parks, common landscapes and parks in many parts of the world. They are created for aesthetic pleasure, as well as for sports or other recreational outdoor recreation. The grass is useful as a good play surface as they reduce the erosion and dust produced by intensive pedestrian traffic and because they provide cushioning for players in sports such as rugby, soccer, football, cricket, baseball, golf, tennis, hockey and bocce grass.
The grass and grass produced by cutting the waste can be used as an ingredient in composting and also regarded as animal feed, used in the production of clumps that cut grass fed to livestock as a source of sustainable feed.
Types of lawns
The grass is unnecessary, and not always, just made up of grass. Other crops for lush garden areas such as grass, low plants and wildflowers, and explorable ground cover.
Thousands of grass varieties and grass plants are used for grass, each adapted to special conditions of precipitation and irrigation, seasonal temperatures, and sun/shade tolerance. Plant hybridizers and botanists constantly create and discover superior varieties of new species and species, often more economically and environmentally friendly by requiring less water, fertilizer, pests and disease, and maintenance. The three basic categories are the winter grass, the warm season grass, and the alternative grass.
Grass
Many different species of grass are currently used, depending on intended use and climate. Rough grass is used where active sport is played, and finer grass is used for decorative grasses for its visual effects. Some grasses are adapted to ocean climates with cooler summers, and others for tropical and continental climates with hotter summers. Often, a mixture of grass or low plant species is used to form more powerful grasses when one species is better in warmer and other winters. This mixing is taken further by a form of grass breeding that produces what is known as a cultivar. The cultivar is a cross-breed of two different grass varieties and aims to combine certain properties taken from each individual. This creates new strains that can be very special, suitable for certain environments, such as low water, low light or low nutrients.
Winter grass
The winter grass begins to grow at 5 ° C (41 ° F), and grows at the fastest rate when the temperature is between 10 ° C (50 ° F) and 25 ° C (77 ° F), in that climate has a relatively mild/cold summer, with two periods of rapid growth in spring and fall. They retain their colors well in unusually cold and usually grow very dense, grass-like carpets with relatively little grass.
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- Bluegrass ( Poa spp.)
- Bentgrass ( Agrostis spp.)
- Ryegrasses ( Lolium spp.)
- Fescues ( Festuca spp.)
- Furry reeds ( Calamogrostis spp.)
- tufted hair grass ( Deschampsia spp.)
Summer season grass
Warm season grass only starts to grow at temperatures above 10 ° C (50 ° F), and grows fast when the temperature is between 25 Â ° C (77 ° F) and 35 ° C (95 ° F) with a long growth period during the spring and summer (Huxley 1992). They are often inactive in colder months, changing the color of chocolate or chocolate. Many warm seasonal grasses are quite drought-resistant, and can handle extremely high summer temperatures, although temperatures below -15 Â ° C (5 ° F) can kill the most southern ecotype warm grass season. The northern varieties, such as buffalograss and blue grama, are hardy up to 45º, Â ° C (113Ã, Â ° F).
- Zoysiagrass ( Zoysia spp.)
- Bermudagrass ( Cynodon spp.)
- St. Agustinus grass ( Stenotaphrum secundatum )
- Bahiagrass ( Paspalum spp.)
- Centipedegrass ( Eremochloa ophiuroides )
- Carpet grass ( Axonopus spp.)
- Buffalograss ( Bouteloua dactyloides )
- Grama Grass ( Bouteloua spp.)
- Kikuyu grass ( Pennisetum clandestinum )
Grass alternative
Carex species and cultivars are well represented in the horticultural industry as an alternative 'sediment' for 'grass' in trimmed grasses and garden meadows. Both cultivars are ornamental and grown and spread and native species are used for sustainable landscaping as a substitute for low grass maintenance and drought tolerant to lawns and pasture gardens. wildlife habitat restoration projects and natural landscaping and gardens use it also for 'easy to use' areas. The J. Paul Getty Museum has been using the Carex pans (prairie grass) and Carex praegracilis (dune hills) extensively at Sculpture Gardens in Los Angeles.
- Some of the low sediments used are:
- Carex caryophyllea ('Beatles' cultivars)
- C. divulsa (Berkeley sedge)
- C. glauca (blue sedge) (sync C. flacca )
- C. pansa (prairie grass)
- C. praegracilis (dune hill)
- C. subfusca (mountain climbing)
- C. tumulicola (ridge) (cultivar 'Santa Cruz Mnts selection')
- C. uncifolia (ruby sedge)
Alternate ground cover
Some grasses are replaced with low ground cover, such as creeping thyme, camomile, Lippia , purple flowers Mazus , gray Dymondia , creeping straws, and creeping jenny. An example of this is the flower grass at Avondale Park. Other alternatives to grass include grasslands, drought tolerant xeriscape gardens, natural landscapes, native plant habitat parks, paved Spanish courtyards and patio gardens, butterfly gardens, rain gardens, grass rugs and kitchen gardens. Trees and shrubs near the lawns provide habitat for birds in traditional parks, cottages and wildlife.
Maintenance and maintenance of the lawn
The formation and maintenance of seasonal grasses varies depending on the climate zone and the type of grass growing.
Planting and seeding
Early autumn, spring, and early summer are prime seasons for seeds, crops (grass), 'liners' plants, or new 'stalk' grasses, when the soil is warmer and the air is colder. The nursery is the cheapest, but it can take longer for the grass to be erected. Airing just before planting/seeding can encourage deeper root growth and thicker grass.
Sodding (English English), or turfing (English English), provides almost instant grass, and can be done in most temperate regions of any season, but is more expensive and more prone to drought until it is formed. Hydroseeding is a quicker, cheaper method for planting large, sloping or hillside landscapes. Some grasses and sediments are available and grown from 'liner' containers and 4 inches (100 mm), from 'flats', 'plugs' or 'sprigs', and planted separately to grow together.
Fertilizers and chemicals
Various organic and inorganic or synthetic fertilizers are available, with instant application or time release. Pesticides, which include biological and chemical herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, treat diseases such as where gray leaves, are available. Considerations for their effects on lawns and garden ecosystems and through runoff and dispersion in the surrounding environment, may limit their use. For example, the Canadian province of Quebec and more than 130 municipalities prohibit the use of synthetic turf pesticides. In order for the grass to grow and develop, the soil should be prepared properly. If this step is ignored as many people do, the grass will burn as soon as it runs out of nutrients. The provincial government of Ontario promised on 24-2 September 2007 to also impose a provincial ban on the use of pesticide grass cosmetics, to protect the public. Medical and environmental groups support such a ban. On 22-2 April 2008, the Provincial Government of Ontario announced that it would pass a law that would ban the use of cosmetics and the sale of lawn and garden pesticides throughout the province. The Ontario law will also echo the Massachusetts law that requires pesticide manufacturers to reduce the toxins they use in production.
Sustainable gardening uses organic horticultural methods, such as organic fertilizers, biological pest control, beneficial insects, and planting assistance, among other methods, to maintain attractive grass in a safe garden. An example of organic herbicides is corn gluten flour, which releases 'organic dipeptides' into the soil to inhibit the formation of germinated weed seed roots. An example of an organic alternative for the use of insecticides is to apply useful nematodes to fight dirt on the soil, such as chafer beetle larvae. The Integrated Pest Management Approach is a coordinated low impact approach.
Cutting and other maintenance practices
Maintaining a rough grass requires only occasional cuts with the appropriate machine, or graze by animals. Maintaining fine grass cuts, agile for aesthetic or practical reasons or due to social pressure from neighbors and local urban planning requires it to require more regular and orderly treatment. Usually once a week is enough to keep the grass in most climates. However, in hot and rainy seasons in areas with a hardiness zone of more than 8, the grass may need to be maintained up to twice a week.
Social impact
The prevalence of grass in movies like Pleasantville and Edward Scissorhands alludes to the importance of the page as a social mechanism that gives great importance to the visual representation of the American edge as well as the culture practiced. It is implied that a neighbor, whose yard is not in pure condition, is morally corrupt, emphasizing the role that grass plays well in peer and community relationships. In both these films, the green space around the suburban homes is an indicator of moral integrity as well as social and gender norms because garden care has long been linked to men. These grasses also reinforce class and community norms by subtly excluding minorities who may not be able to afford suburban homes with lawns that are symbolic representations of security and stability. The lawn as a reflection of one's character and surroundings is broadly not limited to films, the same theme seen in The Great Gatsby, a book written by American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald. Nick Carraway's character rents a house next to Gatsby and fails to keep his page in line with West Egg standards. The rift between the two lawns made Gatsby difficult for him to send his gardener to cut Nick's grass and thus create uniformity.
Most lawn care equipment for decades has been advertised to men, and companies have long associated good lawn care with good citizenship in their marketing campaigns. In addition, a healthy grass look is meant to imply the health of the man who cares for it; controlled weeds and tight boundaries into a practical application of the desire to control nature, as well as expressions of control over their personal lives after full-time work became the center of suburban success. Women are sown from time to time to view the yard as part of the household, as an important piece of furniture, and to encourage their husbands to nurture the yard for the reputation of family and community.
During World War II, women became the focus of lawn care companies because there were no husbands and sons. Grass is promoted as a necessary tool by women who can help support their male family members and American patriotism as a whole. Grass images change from focusing on technology and maturity to emphasize the aesthetic pleasure and health benefits derived from its maintenance; it is assumed that women will not respond positively to image efficiency and strength. The language of this marketing campaign is still meant to inspire the female population with the understanding of the family, motherhood, and duties of a wife; It has been argued that this is done to make it easier for men returning from war to resume roles that their wives have taken over when they were not around. This was especially evident in the 1950s and 1960s, when the law-care rhetoric emphasized the grass as the husband's responsibility and as a pleasant pastime when he retired.
The aesthetics of grasses in Europe and Australia seem to exhibit the same cultural tendencies as representations of order, power over nature, patriotism, and suburban family life while still following other gender constructions that exist throughout the periphery of the world. However, there are differences in specific maintenance and appearance of grass, such as grass length, species (and therefore their color), and cutting.
Environmental issues
Larger amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used per acre of grass than on the equivalent of planted cultivated land, and the ongoing use of these products has been linked to environmental pollution, disturbance in the grass ecosystem, and increased health risks in local humans. and wildlife populations.
Other concerns, criticisms, and ordinances about grass come from environmental consequences:
- Grasses can reduce biodiversity, especially when the lawn covers a large area. The grass promotes homogenization and removes undesirable species of native plants and animals (usually with synthetic pesticides), and - especially in the United States - can consist of introduced species not originating from an area, which can produce habitats that support the reduction of species.
- Lawn care can use inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides that cause great harm; they can continue to linger in the environment, and they negatively affect the health of all nearby organisms, as many endocrine carcinogens and disruptors. The US Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that nearly 70,000,000 pounds (32,000,000 kg) of active pesticide ingredients are used on the periphery of the countryside lawn every year in the United States. It has also been estimated that more herbicides are used per hectare of grass than is used by most farmers to grow crops.
- For example, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Kuwait, and Belize have limited the use of 2,4-D herbicides.
- It is estimated that nearly 17 million gallons of gasoline spill every summer while recharging lawn and lawn gear in the United States; about 50% more than that spilled over the Exxon Valdez incident.
- The use of pesticides and fertilizers, which require fossil fuels for manufacture, distribution and application, has been shown to contribute to global warming, while sustainable organic techniques have been shown to help reduce global warming. One hectare of grass in Nashville, Tennessee, produces greenhouse gases equivalent to 697 to 2,443 kg of carbon dioxide each year. A higher number is equivalent to more than half a flight across the globe. Grass cutting is one of the factors of grass that causes a large number of emissions.
Water preservation
Maintaining green grass sometimes takes a lot of water. This is usually not a problem in the temperate English islands, where the concept of grass originates, since natural rainfall is usually sufficient to maintain grass health, although at the time of doses of hosepipe drought can be carried out by water suppliers. However, the ideal export of grass to the drier areas of the world, such as the US and the Southwest, has damaged scarce water resources in such areas, requiring larger and more environmentally friendly water supply systems. Grass is usually inactive during winter, winter, and turns brown during the dry summer months, thus reducing the demand for water. Many property owners consider this "dead" appearance unacceptable, and therefore increase watering during the summer months. Grass can also recover quite well from drought.
In the United States, 50 to 70% of residential water is used for landscaping, mostly for water grass. A 2005 "conservative" NASA study estimates there are 128,000 square kilometers (49,000 sq.sub.2, mi; 32,000,000 hectares) of irrigated grass in the US, three times the area of ​​irrigated land.
There is the possibility of lawn maintenance can be a sacrifice of valuable resources, especially when facing extreme weather conditions. This situation is described in Water in Australia by David Ingle Smith, who observed in 1995 data that was under extreme conditions during the summer dry season, up to 90% of the water used in Canberra, Australia applied to the page grass.
Chemicals
Increasing concerns from the general public about the use of pesticides and fertilizers and their associated health risks, combined with the adoption of laws, such as the U.S. Food Quality Protection Act, have resulted in reduced presence of synthetic chemicals, pesticides, in urban areas. landscape like grass in the late 20th century. Many concerns over the safety and environmental impact of some synthetic fertilizers and pesticides have led to their ban by the US Environmental Protection Agency and many local governments. The use of pesticides and other chemicals to treat grass has also caused the death of nearly 7 million birds each year, an important topic for Silent Spring by Rachel Carson's habitat conservationists.
Decrease environmental impact
In the United States, grass heights are generally run by gasoline-powered lawn mowers, which contribute to urban smog during the summer months. EPA found, in some urban areas, up to 5% smoke haze caused by a small gasoline engine made before 1997, as is usually used on lawn mowers. Since 1997, EPA has mandated emission control on new machines in an effort to reduce smoke haze.
The 2010 study appears to show grass-care inputs are balanced by the benefits of carbon sequestration from the grass, and they may not contribute to anthropogenic global warming.
However, high maintenance grasses (cutting, irrigation, and blowing of leaves) and high fertilization rates have net emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides that have great global warming potential.
By using ecological techniques including the management of organic grass, the impact of grass can be reduced. Such methods include the use of indigenous grasses, sediments, and low plants; higher cutting techniques; low volume irrigation, grass cuts 'grass' in place; integrated pest management program; exclusive organic fertilizer and compost usage; and includes a variety of trees, shrubs, perennials, and other plants that surround the yard. The positive benefits of healthy grass are filtering out contaminants and preventing runoff and erosion of deforested soil.
Replacing grass lawn with low maintenance groundcovers or using a variety of perennials, low maintenance trees and shrubs can be a good alternative to traditional grasslands, especially in areas that are difficult to grow or difficult to trim, as they can reduce maintenance requirements, associated pollution, and offering higher aesthetic and wildlife values.
See also
- Sweeper
- Grass aerator maker
- Organic grass management
- Gardening
- Organic horticulture
- Ongoing gardening
- Continuous landscape
- List of gardening topics and organic farming
- the grass of bacteria
References
Further reading
- Bormann, F. Herbert, et al. (1993) Redesigned American Lawn .
- Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Gardening Dictionary . Grass: Ch. 3: pp.Ã, 26-33. Macmillan. ISBNÃ, 0-333-47494-5.
- Jenkins, V. S. (1994). Grass: The History of the American Obsession . Smithsonian Books. ISBNÃ, 1-56098-406-6.
- Steinberg, T. (2006). American Green, The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Grass . W.W. Norton & amp; Co. ISBNÃ, 0-393-06084-5.
- Wasowski, Sally and Andy (2004). Requiem for Lawnmower .
External links
- "Planting and caring for the Grass" from UNT Government. Document Dept.
- Integrated Pest Management Program: website & amp; search engine
- Lawn Care University at Michigan State University
- "EPA's Management of the polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution" ( includes miscellaneous grass handling. )
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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