Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and founder of Standard Oil, first based in Ohio. He is also a key figure in the development of Florida's Atlantic coast and the founder of what became the East Coast Coast of Florida. He is known as the father of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida.
Video Henry Flagler
Early life and education
Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York, son of Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister and his wife, Elizabeth Caldwell's widow (Morrison) Harkness. He had brought two sons to marriage with Flagler from a previous marriage to Dr. Dewa's widower. David Harkness from Milan, Ohio. His son with his first marriage, Stephen V. Harkness, became Elizabeth's stepson. With David and Elizabeth having the son of Daniel M. Harkness before his death.
Flagler attends local schools up to eighth grade. His stepbrother, Daniel, leaves Hopewell to live and work with his father's uncle Lamon G. Harkness, who owns a store in Republic, Ohio. He recruited Henry Flagler to join him, and the young man went to Ohio at the age of 14, where he started working in 1844 with a salary of US $ 5 per month plus rooms and meals. In 1849, Flagler was promoted to a sales staff with a salary of $ 40 per month. He later joined Daniel in the grain business that began with his uncle Lamon in Bellevue, Ohio.
In 1862, Flagler and his brother-in-law Barney York founded Flagler and York Salt Company, a salt mining and salting business in Saginaw, Michigan. He found that salt mining required more technical knowledge than he possessed and fought in the industry during the Civil War. The company collapsed when the war weakened commercial demand for salt. Flagler returned to Bellevue after losing his initial $ 50,000 investment and an additional $ 50,000 he borrowed from his father-in-law and Daniel. Flagler believes he has learned a valuable lesson: investing in business only after a thorough investigation.
Maps Henry Flagler
Business and Oil Standards
After his salt business failure in Saginaw, Flagler returned to Bellevue in 1866 and re-entered the grain business as a commission merchant with Harkness Grain Company. During this time he worked to repay Steve Harkness. Through this business, Flagler became acquainted with John D. Rockefeller, who worked as a commission agent with Hewitt and Tuttle for the Harkness Grain Company. By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. Rockefeller works in conjunction with chemist and inventor Samuel Andrews.
Needing capital for his new venture, Rockefeller approached Flagler in 1867. Flagler earned $ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 1.8 million in 2017) from family member Stephen V. Harkness on condition that Flagler be a couple. The Rockefeller, Andrews & amp; The Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler controlling the Harkness flower. This partnership eventually evolved into Standard Oil Corporation. It was Flagler's idea to use a rebate system to strengthen the company's position against competitors and transport companies alike. Flagler is in a special position to make the deal because of its relationship as a grain dealer. Although refunds are not more than fifteen cents, they place Standard Oil in a position to weaken other refineries. In 1872, he led the American oil refining industry, producing 10,000 barrels per day (1,600 m 3 /d). The Flagler family moved to New York in 1877 since New York became a US trading hub. In 1885, Standard Oil moved its corporate headquarters to New York City to an iconic 26 Broadway location.
At the end of the American Civil War, Cleveland is one of the five major refining centers in the US (other than Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, New York City, and the area in northwest Pennsylvania where most of the oil comes from).
In 1869, there were three times more kerosene capacity than necessary to supply the market, and the capacity remained excessive over the years. In June 1870, Flagler and Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil of Ohio, which quickly became the most profitable refiners in Ohio. Standard Oil grows into one of the largest oil and kerosene shippers in the country. The train fought hard for traffic and, in an effort to create a cartel to control freight rates, established the Southern Improvement Company in collusion with Standard and other oil workers outside the major oil centers. The cartel received preferential treatment as a high volume sender, which included not only steep rebates of up to 50% for their products but also rebates for delivery of competing products. Part of this scheme is the announcement of sharply increased shipping costs. This triggered a storm of protests from independent oil well owners, including boycotts and vandalism, leading eventually to the discovery of a Standard Oil section in the deal. New York's main refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and the railroad soon retreated. Pennsylvania lifted the cartel's charter, and non-preferential tariffs were restored for the time being.
Undeterred, though slandered for the first time by the press, Flagler and Rockefeller continue with their self-strengthening cycle of buying competing refiners, improving operating efficiency, pushing for discounts on oil shipments, underestimating competitors, making secret deals, increasing investment pools, and buying rivals. In less than four months in 1872, in what came to be known as "The Cleveland Conquest" or "The Cleveland Massacre", Standard Oil has absorbed 22 of its 26 competitors in Cleveland. Finally, even his former antagonists, Pratt and Rogers, saw the futility of continuing to compete with Standard Oil: in 1874, they made secret deals with their old enemies for acquisition. Pratt and Rogers became partners of Flagler and Rockefeller. Rogers, in particular, became one of the key keys of Flagler and Rockefeller in the establishment of the Standard Oil Trust. Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt, became Secretary of Standard Oil. For many of its competitors, Flagler and Rockefeller just show them the books so they can see what they are up to and make it a worthy offer. If they refuse the offer, Flagler and Rockefeller tell them they will bankrupt them and then cheaply buy their assets at auction. Flagler and Rockefeller see themselves as industrial saviors, "angel of mercy" absorb the weak and make the whole industry stronger, more efficient, and more competitive. Standards grow horizontally and vertically. He added his own piping channels, tankers, and home delivery networks. It keeps the price of oil low to prevent competitors, making its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost if needed. It developed more than 300 oil-based products from tar to cat to petroleum jelly vaseline to gum. In the late 1870s, the Standard improved more than 90% of oil in the US.
In 1877 Standard broke with Thomas A. Scott, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, the main carrier. Flagler and Rockefeller have envisioned the use of pipelines as an alternative oil transportation system and initiated campaigns to build and acquire them. The railway, seeing Standard's invasion into the field of transport and pipeline, struck back and formed a subsidiary to buy and build oil refineries and pipelines. Standards retaliate and hold back its delivery and, with the help of other trains, start a price war that dramatically reduces shipping payments and causes labor unrest as well. Flagler and Rockefeller eventually won and the train sold all of its oil interests to the Standard. But after the battle, in 1879 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania charged Flagler and Rockefeller with allegations of monopolizing petroleum trade, initiating a similar litigation process in other countries and making a national issue of Standard Oil business practice.
Monopoly
Standard Oil gradually gained complete control of oil refining and marketing in the United States through horizontal integration. In the petroleum industry, Standard Oil replaces the old distribution system with its own vertical system. It supplies kerosene with tankers carrying fuel to the local market, and the tanker wagon is then shipped to retail customers, thus passing the existing network of wholesale workers. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their costs to the public (kerosene prices fell by almost 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The most powerful standard weapons against competitors are underselling, differential pricing, and secret transport pieces. The company was attacked by journalists and politicians during its existence, partly for this monopoly method, providing momentum for the antitrust movement. In 1880, according to New York World , Standard Oil was "the cruelest, brash, cruel, and grasping monopoly that once bind a country." To the critics, Flagler and Rockefeller replied, "In such a big business like ours... some things are likely to be done that we can not agree on. We fix them as soon as they come to our knowledge."
At that time, many legislatures have made it difficult to enter in one country and operate in another. As a result, Flagler and Rockefeller and their partners have dozens of separate companies, each operating in only one country; the management of the whole company is rather heavy. In 1882, lawyers Flagler and Rockefeller created an innovative form of enterprise to focus their ownership, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. "Trust" is a corporate corporation, and the size and wealth of the entity attracts a lot of attention. Nine guardians, including Rockefeller, run 41 companies in trust. The public and the press soon became suspicious of this new legal entity, and other businesses took advantage of the idea and emulated it, which further fueled public sentiment. Standard Oil has gained an unbeatable aura, always winning against competitors, critics, and political enemies. It has become the richest, largest, most feared business in the world, apparently immune to the boom and bust of the business cycle, consistently garnering profits year after year.
The vast American Empire includes 20,000 domestic wells, 4,000 miles of pipes, 5,000 tankers, and more than 100,000 employees. Its share of the world's oil refineries reached above 90% but slowly dropped to about 80% during the rest of the century. Despite the formation of confidence and perceived immunity from all competitions, Standard Oil 1880 has passed the peak of its power over the world oil market. Flagler and Rockefeller finally gave up their dream of controlling all the world oil refineries. Rockefeller admitted later, "We recognize that public sentiment will be against us if we really refine all the oil." Over time, foreign competition and new inventions abroad erode its dominance. In the early 1880s, Flagler and Rockefeller created one of their most important innovations. Rather than trying to directly affect the price of crude oil, Standard Oil has indirect controls by changing the cost of oil storage to adjust to market conditions. Flagler and Rockefeller then decided to order the issuance of certificates of oil stored in pipelines. These certificates are traded by speculators, thus creating the first oil futures market that has effectively set spot market prices since then. The National Oil Exchange opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate oil futures trading.
Although 85% of world crude oil production is still from the Pennsylvania well in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. Robert Nobel has set up his own refinery company in Russia's abundant and cheaper field of oil, including the region's first pipeline and the world's first oil tanker. Paris Rothschilds jump into slavery provides financing. Additional fields were found in Burma and Java. Even more critical, the discovery of light bulbs gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination. But Standard Oil adapted, expanded its presence in Europe, expanded production of natural gas in the US, then became gasoline for cars, which until then was considered a waste product.
Standard Oil moved its headquarters to New York City, on 26 Broadway, and Flagler and Rockefeller became the central figure in the city's business community. In 1887, Congress created the Interstate Trade Commission assigned to enforce the same tariff for all railway freight, but at that time the Standard was more dependent on pipeline transport. More threatening the strength of the Standard is the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, originally used to control unions, but later became the center of the outbreak of the trust of Standard Oil. Ohio was very diligent in applying state anti-trust laws, and eventually forced the separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, the first step in the dissolution of trust.
After rising to the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt initiated dozens of lawsuits under the Sherman Antitrust Act and persuaded reforms out of Congress. In 1901, US Steel, now controlled by J. Pierpont Morgan, having purchased Andrew Carnegie's steel assets, offered to buy Standard iron interests as well. A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged iron interests of Standard for US Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son's membership on the company's board of directors.
One of the most effective attacks on Flagler and Rockefeller and their company was the publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company by Ida Tarbell, a prominent muckraker. He documents corporate espionage, price wars, heavy marketing tactics, and courtroom evasion. Despite his work prompting a major reaction to the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised by the magnitude. "I have never had an animus of their size and wealth, never minding the shape of their company, I am willing that they should combine and grow as much and prosper as they can, but only legitimately, but they never play fair, which destroyed their greatness for me. "Tarbell's father had been expelled from the oil business during the affairs of the Southern Perfecting Company.
Flagler and Rockefeller embarked on a publicity campaign to put the company and themselves in a better light. Although Flagler and Rockefeller have long maintained an active silent policy with the press, they decided to make themselves more accessible and responding with peaceful remarks such as "capital and labor are wild forces that require intelligent legislation to keep them in custody."
Flagler and Rockefeller continued to consolidate their oil interests as well as possible until New Jersey, in 1909, amended its merger law to effectively enable the re-creation of trust in the form of a single parent company. Rockefeller defended his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. Finally in 1911, the United States Supreme Court found Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in violation of the Sherman Anti-Semitic Act. At that time the trust still had 70% market share of the refined oil market but only 14% of US crude supplies. The court ruled that the trust was derived from illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be split into 34 new companies. These include, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; The Indiana standard, which became Amoco, is now part of BP; Standard California, which became Chevron; The New Jersey Standard, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), is now part of ExxonMobil; The New York Standard, which became the Car, is now part of ExxonMobil; and the Standard of Ohio, who became Sohio, is now part of BP. Pennzoil and Chevron remain separate companies.
Flagler Contributors
When Flagler envisioned success in the oil industry, he and Rockefeller began building their fortune in oil refineries in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland became very well known for its oil refineries, such as, "More and more crude oil shipped from oil areas to Cleveland for purification processes due to transportation facilities and aggressiveness of refiners there, largely due to the efforts of Henry M. Flagler and John D. Rockefeller. "Flagler and Rockefeller are working hard for their company to achieve these advantages. Henry explains: "We work day and night, make the best oil as cheaply as possible and sell it for everything we can get." Not only did Standard Oil's Flagship and Rockefeller companies become well-known in Ohio, they expanded to other countries, and gained additional capital in buying smaller oil refiners across the country. According to Allan Nevins, in John D. Rockefeller (p 292), "Standard Oil was born as a large company, has cut its teeth as a partnership and is now ready to plunge into greater expansion and development, one tenth of all the oil business in the United States, in addition to two refineries and a barrel factory in Cleveland, it has a fleet of cars and tankers in oil areas and warehouses and tanks in New York. "
In 1892, Standard Oil had a monopoly over all oil refineries in the United States. In calculating the overall assets and capital of US oil refineries, Standard Oil surpassed them all. Standard Oil's combined assets match approximately $ 42,882,650.00 (US) from: Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio. And the highest capitalization, for $ 26,000,000 (US). The history of American oil refineries began with Henry Morrison Flagler, and his business partner and friend John D. Rockefeller, as they built the largest, most prosperous and monopolistic oil empire of their time: Standard Oil.
Standard Oil has the same primary owners as Rockefeller, Andrews and Flagler, giving or accepting several business partners: one of them is Rockefeller's brother, William. Standard Oil monopolized quickly and took America by storm. Although Standard Oil is a partnership, Flagler is considered the brains behind the booming oil refining business. According to Edwin Lefevre, in "Flagbers and Florida" of Everyone's Magazine XXII (February, 1910) page 183, "When John D. Rockefeller was asked whether Standard Oil was the result of his thinking, he replied," No sir. I wish I had a brain to think about it. It was Henry M. Flagler. "Flagler served as an active member of Standard Oil until 1882. John Dustin Archbold, known more aggressively, was employed by Rockefeller, and retired to take a secondary role in Standard Oil but served as vice president until 1908 and was part of the ownership until 1911.
Florida: resort and railroad hotels
At the advice of his doctor, Flagler went to Jacksonville for the winter with his first wife, Mary (nÃÆ' Â © e Harkness), who was seriously ill. Two years after he died in 1881, he remarried. Ida Alice (nÃÆ' Â © e Shourds) Flagler has been the nanny for Mary. After their marriage, the couple went to Saint Augustine. Flagler found a charming town, but hotel facilities and transportation systems were inadequate. Franklin W. Smith has just finished building Villa Zorayda and Flagler offers to buy it for honeymoon. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of the future of St. Augustine and Florida in Flagler's mind.
Although Flagler remains on Standard Oil's board of directors, he releases his day-to-day involvement in the company to pursue his interests in Florida. He returned to St. Augustine in 1885 and made Smith an offer. If Smith can collect $ 50,000, Flagler will invest $ 150,000 and they will build a hotel together. Perhaps fortunately for Smith, he could not get the funds, so the Flagler started the construction of 540 Ponce de Leon Hotel rooms alone, but spent several times the original estimate. Smith helped train the masons in the mixing and pouring technique he used on Zorayda.
Recognizing the need for a good transportation system to support his hotel business, Flagler bought a short rail line in what became known as the Florida East Coast Railway. He modernized the existing railroads for them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic.
The next project is the Ponce de Leon Hotel, which is now part of Flagler College. He invests with Dr. Andrew Anderson, who is from St. Augustine. After years of work, it opened on January 10, 1888, and an instant success.
This project sparked the interest of Flagler to create a new "American Riviera". Two years later, he expanded his holdings in Florida. He built a railroad bridge across the St. Johns to gain access to the southern part of the state and buy the Ormond Hotel, just north of Daytona. He also built the Alcazar Hotel as an overflow hotel for the Ponce de Leon Hotel. Alcazar is now the Lightner Museum, next to the Casa Monica Hotel in St. Petersburg. Augustine bought by Flager from Franklin W. Smith. His personal dedication to the state of Florida was shown when he began construction at his private residence, Kirkside, in St. Louis. Augustine.
A major engineering effort is needed to cut the desert and swamp from St. Augustine to Palm Beach. The state provides incentives in the form of 3,840 hectares for every mile of built lanes.
Flagler completed 1,100 rooms of the Royal Poinciana Hotel on the shores of Lake Worth in Palm Beach and extended its railroad to its West Palm Beach service in 1894, establishing Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. The Royal Poinciana Hotel is at the time the largest wooden structure in the world. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (named The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean at Palm Beach.
Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of the rail system, but in 1894 and 1895, a severe freeze hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. Sixty miles to the south, the area now known as Miami is reportedly not disturbed by freezing. To make it even more convincing that Flagler would continue the train to Miami, he was offered the land in exchange for railroads from private landowners, the Florida East Coast Channel and Land Transportation Company, and Atlantic Coast Corporations Boston and Florida. The landowner is Julia Tuttle, whom she met in Cleveland, Ohio, and William Brickell, who runs a trading post on the Miami River.
Such incentives led to the development of Miami, which was an unrelated area of ​​the day. Flagler pushed fruit farms and settlements along the railroad and made gifts to build hospitals, churches and schools in Florida.
In 1896, the Flagler railway, East Coast Railway Florida, reached Biscayne Bay. Flagler dredged channels, built roads, instituted the first water and electricity system, and financed the city's first newspaper, The Metropolis. When the city was founded in 1896, its citizens wanted to honor the person responsible for its growth by naming it "Flagler". He refused the honor, persuading them to use the ancient Indian name, "Mayaimi". Instead, an artificial island built in Biscayne Bay called Flagler Monument Island. In 1897, Flagler opened the exclusive Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River where he ignored Biscayne Bay. He is known as Mr. Miami, Florida.
Flagler's second wife, former Ida Alice Shourds, was declared crazy by his Flagler friend. Anderson in 1896 and instituted early in the year. At the same time, he began to establish a relationship with Mary Lily Kenan. In 1899, Flagler had created a fairly strong acquaintance with Mary Lily, who began to question whether the two had an affair. That year she reportedly gave her over $ 1 million in jewelry. In 1901, Flagler bribed the Florida Legislature and the Governor to pass a law that creates an incurable base of insanity for divorce, paving the way for Flagler to remarry. Flagler was the only person divorced under the law before it was revoked in 1905. The couple's mental incapacity was later restored by the legislature as the basis for the dissolution of marriage, and remains a Florida law today.
On August 24, 1901, 10 days after her divorce, Flagler married Mary Lily at her family estate, Liberty Hall, and the couple soon moved to their new Palm Beach plantation, Whitehall, a 55-room beaux art house designed by New York. based company CarrÃÆ'¨re and Hastings, who have also designed the New York Public Library and Pan American Exposition. Built in 1902 as a wedding gift for Mary Lily, Whitehall (now the Flagler Museum) is a 60,000 square foot (5,600 m²) winter retreat that forms the Palm Beach "season" for about 8-12 weeks, for the rich of the Gilded Age of America.
In 1905, Flagler decided that its Florida East Coast Railway had to be extended from Biscayne Bay to Key West, a point 128 miles (206 km) past the tip of the Florida peninsula. At the time, Key West was the most populous city in Florida, with a population of 20,000, as well as a US deepwater port closest to a channel the US government proposes to build in Panama. Flagler wants to take advantage of additional trade with Cuba and Latin America as well as increased trade with the west to be carried by the Panama Canal.
In 1912, the Florida Outer Railway settled into Key West. Over thirty years, Flagler has invested roughly $ 50 million for railroad, home and hotel construction and has contributed to the farmers who suffered after the freeze in 1894. When asked by Rollins College president in Winter Park about his philanthropic effort, Flagler reportedly replied, "I believe this country is the easiest place for many people to earn a living I do not believe others will develop it if I do not... but I hope to live long enough to prove I am a good businessman by getting a dividend for my investment. "
Death and inheritance
In May 1913, Flagler fell off a marble staircase in Whitehall. He never recovered and died in Palm Beach because of his wound on May 20 at the age of 83. At 3 pm On the day of the funeral, May 23, 1913, every machine on the Florida East Coast Railway stopped anywhere for ten minutes in honor of Flagler. It was reported that people along the railway tracks waited all night to pass a funeral train while traveling from Palm Beach to St. Augustine.
Flagler is buried in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Louis. Augustine with his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. Only his son, Harry survived the three children through his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. Most of the land is for "nephews" who are actually said to be children born out of wedlock.
When looking back at the life of Flagler, after Flagler's death, George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & amp; Co, reflecting, "But anyone can have the genius to see if the deserts without sand and undisturbed bushes are capable and then have the nerve to build trains here, more amazing than similar developments elsewhere in the world. "
The main east-west road of Miami is named Flagler Street and is the main shopping street in Downtown Miami. There are also monuments to him at Flagler Monument Island at Biscayne Bay in Miami; Flagler College and Flagler Hospital are named after him. Augustine. Flagler County, Florida, Flagler Beach, Florida and Flagler, Colorado are also named for him. Whitehall, Palm Beach, is open to the public as the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum; His personal railcar No. 91 is housed inside a Beaux Arts pavilion built to look like a 19th century train palace.
On February 24, 2006, the Flagler statue was unveiled in Key West near where the Over-Sea Railroad ever ended. Also, on July 28, 2006, a Flagler statue was unveiled on the southeast staircase of Dade County Courthouse Miami, located on Miami Flagler Street.
The Overseas Railroad, also known as the Key West Extension of the East Coast Railway of Florida, was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the 1935 Labor Day Storm. The train financially was unable to rebuild the destroyed section, leaving the remaining roads and bridges sold to the State The Florida section, which built the Overseas Highway to Key West, uses much of the remaining railway infrastructure.
Flagler's third wife, Mary Lily Kenan Flagler, was born in North Carolina; The upscale Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who are UNC's initial donors with their families and descendants. After Flagler's death, he married an old friend, Robert Worth Bingham, who used his inheritance to buy the Louisville Courier-Journal paper. The Bingham-Flagler marriage (and the question of death or the possibility of murder) stands out in several books that emerged in the 1980s, when the Bingham family sold newspapers amidst the great bitterness. The fortune control of Flagler was largely transmitted to the hands of Mary Lily Kenan's family and brother, who survived until the 1960s.
See also
- Standard Oil
- Florida East Coast Railway
- Mary Flagler Cary
- St. Augustine, Florida
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- Casa Monica Hotel - purchased by Flagler and renamed Cordova
- Ponce de LeÃÆ'³n Hotel - Built by Flagler
- The Alcazar Hotel is now the Lightner Museum
- Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church St. Augustine, FL
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- Palm Beach, Florida
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- Royal Poinciana Hotel
- Whitehall is now the Flagler Museum
- Hotel Splitter
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- Miami
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- Royal Palm Hotel (Miami)
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- Flagler Beach, Florida
- Flagler, Colorado
- List of train executives
References
- Notes
- References
Further reading
External links
- Henry Flagler's biography
- The Breakers Hotel History
- Flag Universities
- The Indiana Transport Museum showcases Henry Flagler's private railroad (Florida East Coast No.90)
- Photos of Flagler and his wife
- Ohio Historical Marker 5-39 is located in Bellevue, Ohio
- Henry Flagler in the Search of the Mausoleum
- Standard Oil Company History by Ida Tarbell
- Railroad Bells at A History of Central Florida Podcast
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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