Garden design

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Garden design is the art and process of designing and creating spatial plans and planting gardens and landscapes. Garden design can be done by the owners of their own garden, or by professionals of different levels of experience and expertise. Most professional garden designers have some training in horticulture and design principles. Park designer, Rev. David Coles, further explains this definition at the Chelsea Flower Show (2018, BBC1, Chelsea) by stating that a fine garden design, while on the one hand, "serious discipline" should embody "creative creative awareness". He postulates that successful garden designs allow the transcendence of physical sensory experience into a conscious awareness to connect with nature. Some are also landscape architects, a more formal training level that usually requires a higher degree and is often a state license. Amateur gardens can also attain a high level of experience from extensive work hours in their own garden, through casual studies, serious study at the Gardener Master Program, or by joining a garden club.

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Element

Whether the park is designed by professionals or amateurs, certain principles form the basis of effective garden design, resulting in the creation of gardens to meet the needs, goals, and desires of the users or owners of the garden.

Garden design elements include loud landscape layouts, such as lanes, walls, water features, seating areas and decking; as well as the plants themselves, with consideration to their horticultural requirements, season-to-season appearance, age, growth habits, size, speed of growth, and combination with plants and other landscape features. Considerations are also given for the maintenance needs of the garden, including the time or funds available for routine maintenance, which may affect crop choices in terms of growth rates, the distribution or seeding of plants, both annual and annual, and bloom-time, and many other characteristics.

Important considerations in garden design include how the park will be used, the desired style genre (formal or informal, modern or traditional etc.), and the way the garden space will connect to other houses or buildings in the surrounding area. All of these considerations are subject to the specified budget constraints.

Location

The location of the park can have a major influence on its design. Topographic landscape features such as steep slopes, landscapes, hills, and outcrops can suggest or define aspects of design such as layout and can be used and added to create a particular impression. Land sites will affect what types of plants may grow, such as climate zone parks and various microclimates. The local context of the park can also influence its design. For example, urban settings may require different design styles Unlike the rural ones. Similarly, a windy beach location may require different treatments compared to sheltered inland sites.

Land

The quality of the garden soil can have a significant influence on the park's design and subsequent success. Soil affects the availability of water and nutrients, soil micro-organism activity, and temperature within the root zone, and thus may have a decisive effect on the type of plant that will grow successfully in the garden. However, the soil can be replaced or repaired to make it more suitable.

Traditionally, garden land has been improved by amendment, the process of adding beneficial materials to the original lower soil layers and especially the topsoil. Added ingredients, which may comprise peat, peat, sand, mineral dust, or manure, inter alia, are mixed with soil to the desired depth. The number and type of amendments may depend on many factors, including the amount of soil humus present, soil structure (clay, silt, sand, clay etc.), acidity of the soil/alkalinity, and choice of plant to be planted. One source states that, "Conditioning the ground thoroughly before planting allows plants to build themselves quickly and play their role in design." However, not all gardens, or should, be altered in this way, as many plants prefer poor soil. In this case, bad soil is better than artificially enriched rich soil.

Boundary

The design of the park can be influenced by its boundary properties, both external and internal, and in turn the design can affect the boundaries, including through the creation of new ones. Planting can be used to modify the existing boundary line by softening or widening it. Introducing internal boundaries can help divide or break the garden into smaller areas.

The main border types in a park are hedges, walls and fences. A fence may always be green or falling, formal or informal, short or high, depending on the park style and boundary purpose. The walls have a strong foundation underneath at all points, and are usually - but not always - constructed of brick, stone or concrete blocks. Fences differ from walls because they only anchored at intervals, and are usually built using wood or metal (such as iron or wire mesh).

Limits can be built for several reasons: to prevent livestock or intruders, to provide privacy, to create shelter from strong winds and provide a microclimate, to filter out unattractive structures or views, and to create shock elements.

Surface

In temperate western gardens, fine lawns are often considered important for a garden. But garden designers can use other surfaces, such as those "made of loose pebbles, small pebbles, or wood chips" to create different looks and nuances. Designers can also exploit contrast in textures and colors between different surfaces to create an overall pattern in the design.

Surfaces for paths and access points are selected for practical and aesthetic reasons. Issues such as security, maintenance, and endurance may need to be considered by the designer. Gardens designed for public access must tackle heavier pedestrian traffic and can therefore utilize surfaces - such as resin-bonded pebbles - which are rarely used in private gardens.

Planting design

Planting designs require design talent and aesthetic appraisal combined with a good level of horticultural, ecological and cultural knowledge. It encompasses two main traditions: the design of straight rectilinear cultivation (Persia and Europe); and formal asymmetric (Asian) and naturalistic planting design.

History

Persian gardens are credited with aesthetically derived designs and diverse plantings. The true Persian Garden will be divided into four sectors with water that is very important both for irrigation and aesthetics. The four sectors represent the Zoroastrian elements of heaven, earth, water and plants. Planting in the garden of ancient Europe and the Middle Ages often mixed herbs for medicinal purposes, vegetables for consumption, and flowers for decoration. A purely aesthetic planting system developed after the Medieval period in the Renaissance garden, as shown in the painting and final renaissance plan. The design of the Italian Renaissance garden is geometry and plants are used to form spaces and patterns. French Renaissance Parks and Baroque Park ÃƒÆ' la franÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â§aise era continue the aesthetic of 'formal garden' planting.

In Asia, asymmetrical planting design traditions in Chinese gardens and Japanese gardens are from Jin Dynasty (265-420) China. The planting of the garden has a controlled but naturalistic aesthetic. In Europe the arrangement of plants in the informal group was developed as part of the British Landscape Garden style, and then the landscape garden of France, and strongly influenced by the beautiful art movement.

Apps

The planting plan provides specific instructions, often for the contractor on how the land should be prepared, what species to plant, what size and distance to use and what maintenance operations should be done under the contract. Private gardeners can also use planting plans, not for contractual purposes, as an aid to think about design and as a record of what has been planted. The planting strategy is a long-term strategy for the design, establishment and management of different types of vegetation in the landscape or park.

Plantings can be established by gardeners and horticulturists who work directly or can be established by landscape contractors (also known as landscape gardener). The landscape contractor works for images and specifications prepared by garden designers or landscape architects.

Garden furniture

Garden furniture can range from a set of terrace, consisting of tables, four or six chairs and umbrellas, through benches, swings, various lighting, to stunning artefacts in brutal concrete or rotted oak. Patio heaters, which run in butane or propane bottles, are often used to allow people to sit outside at night or in cold weather. Picnic tables, used for eating outdoors like in the garden.

Materials used to manufacture modern patio furnishings include stone, metal, vinyl, plastic, resin, glass, and treated wood.

Sunlight

While sunlight is not always easily controlled by gardeners, it is an essential element of garden design. The amount of light available is an important factor in determining what crops can be grown. Sunlight will have a major influence on the character of the park. For example, rose gardens generally do not work in full shade, while the hosta garden may not thrive under the hot sun. As another example, vegetable gardens may need to be placed in a sunny location, and if the location is not ideal for overall garden design purposes, the designer may need to change other aspects of the garden.

In some cases, the amount of available sunlight can be affected by the gardener. The location of trees, other shade plants, garden structures, or, when designing the entire property, even buildings, can be selected or modified based on their influence in increasing or decreasing the amount of sunlight provided to different areas of the property.

In other cases, the amount of sunlight is not under the control of the gardener. Nearby buildings, plants on other properties, or just the local climate, can limit the available sunlight. Or, substantial changes in light conditions in the garden may not be in the gardener's means. In this case, it is important to plan a garden that is compatible with existing light conditions.

Exposure

Garden lighting can be an important aspect of garden design. In many cases, different types of lighting techniques can be classified and defined by heights: lighting, lighting, and lighting. Safety lighting is the most practical application. However, more important is to determine the type of lights and fittings needed to create the desired effect. Light regulates three main processes of plants: photosynthesis, phototropism, and photoperiodism.

Photosynthesis provides the energy needed to produce a plant energy source.

Phototropism is a light effect on plant growth that causes plants to grow in or away from light. Photoperiodism is the response or capacity of a plant to respond to photoperiods, repetitive cycles of light and dark periods with constant lengths.

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Garden type

Islamic Park

The design of the park, and the tradition of Islamic gardens, begins with creating a garden of paradise in Ancient Persia, in Western Asia. It evolved over the centuries, and in different cultures the Islamic dynasty came to rule in Central - South Asia, Near East, North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula.

Example

Some styles and examples include:

Persian Garden

I am a Garden
Fin Garden

Mughal Gardens

Nishat Bagh
Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)
Yadavindra Gardens (Pinjore)

Charbagh

Taj Mahal
Tomb of Humayun gardens

Bagh (garden)

Bagh-e Babur
Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)

Al-Andalus - architecture and gardens Moor

Alcazar of Seville
Alhambra
Generalife

Mediterranean Garden

The history of garden design and precedent of the Mediterranean region includes:

Ancient Greek and Hellenistic Garden
Ancient Roman Garden

The peristyle garden - evolved into Cloister's garden .
House of Vettii - Pompeii .
Horti Sallustiani

Byzantine Garden
Spanish Garden

Andalusian Patio

Renaissance and formal gardens

Main article: Renaissance garden

Formal gardens in Persian gardens and European garden design traditions are straight and axial. A garden that is equally formal, with no axial symmetry (asymmetric) or any other geometry, is a Chinese garden garden design tradition and Japanese garden. Zen gardens of rocks, moss and scratched gravel are examples. The Western model is an organized garden arranged with carefully planned geometric and symmetrical lines. Grass and hedges in formal gardens should be kept tidy for maximum effect. Trees, shrubs, sub-branches and other foliage are carefully arranged, shaped and maintained constantly. French Garden or Park ÃƒÆ' la franÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â§aise, is a certain type of formal garden, laid out in the manner AndrÃƒÆ'Ã‚ Â© Le NÃƒÆ'Ã‚'tre; it is centered on the faÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â§ade of the building, with gushing paths and paths of gravel, grass, parterres and pond ( bassins ) closed reflective waters in geometric shapes by stone grips, with fountains and sculptures.

Garden Style ÃƒÆ' la franÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â§aise has its origins in the fifteenth century Italian Renaissance garden, such as Villa d'Este, Boboli Gardens, and Villa Lante in Italy. The style was brought to France and expressed in French Renaissance gardens. Some early formal parterre of cutted fir is placed in Anet by Claude Mollet, founder of a nursery designer dynasty that went far into the 18th century. The Gardens of Versailles is a prime example of the Park ÃƒÆ' la franÃƒÆ'Ã‚Â§aise, composed of many different gardens, and designed by AndrÃƒÆ'Ã‚ Â© Le NÃƒÆ'Ã‚'tre.

The English Renaissance gardens in straight-line formal design are a feature of magnificent houses. The introduction of the parter was at Wilton House in the 1630s. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the publication of Dezallier d'Argenville, La thÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â© orie et la pratique du jardinage (1709) was translated into English and German, and was the central document for later formal gardens of the Continent Europe.

The traditional formal Spanish garden design evolved with the Persian garden and the influence of the European Renaissance garden. The internationally renowned Alhambra and Generalife in Granada, built in the Moor Al-Andalus era, have influenced design for centuries. The Ibero-American Exposition of the 1929 World Exposition in Seville, Spain is located in the famous Maria Luisa Park ( Parque de Maria Luisa ) designed by Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier.

The formal gardening by way of Italy and France was reintroduced at the turn of the 20th century. The official Italian garden area of â€‹â€‹Beatrix Farrand at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., and Achille DuchÃƒÆ'Ã‚Âªne that restores the French water region at Blenheim Palace in England is an example of a modern formal garden. The Conservatory Garden in Central Park New York City has a formal park, as do many parks and other estates like Filoli in California.

The simplest formal gardens are boxed boxes that are trimmed with boxes or lined with flower beds or gardens carefully arranged with simple geometric shapes, such as garden nodes. Formal gardens are more developed and complex containing statues and fountains.

Features in formal gardens may include:

Terrace
Topiary
Statues
Hedge
Bosquet
Parterre
Sylvan Theater
Pergola
Pavilion
Landscape

English landscape and Naturalistic garden

The English Landscape Garden style practically swept the geometry of the early British and Renaissance Renaissance gardens. William Kent and Lancelot "Capabilities" Brown is a major supporter, among many other designers. Natural style English Garden (in French: Jardin anglais , Italian: Giardino all'inglese , German: Englischer Landschaftsgarten ) 1730s and during the transformation of private and civilian garden designs throughout Europe. The French Landscape Garden then continues the style development on the Continent.

The cottage garden

The cottage garden uses informal design, traditional materials, dense plantings, and a mixture of edible plants and plants. The cottage gardens are back for centuries, but their popularity grew in the 1870s in Britain in response to the more structured Victorian real estate gardens that use controlled designs with annual colorful greenhouse-colored beds -warni. They are more relaxed by design, depending on grace and charm than the grandeur and formal structure. The influential British writer and designer, William Robinson at Gravetye Manor in Sussex, and Gertrude Jekyll at Munstead Wood in Surrey, both writing and gardening in England. The Jekyll thematic book series emphasizes the importance and value of natural planting is the influence in Europe and the United States. Also influential a half-century later was Margery Fish, whose vineyard that lives on East Lambrook Manor emphasizes, inter alia, native plant life and natural patterns generated by self-deployment and self-seeding.

The earliest cottage garden is much more practical than the modern version - with an emphasis on vegetables and spices, along with fruit trees, beehives, and even cattle if the land is allowed. Flowers are used to fill the space in between. Over time, interest becomes more dominant. Modern cottage gardens include countless regional and personal variations from the more traditional English cottage gardens.

Kitchen garden or potager

Traditional garden kitchens, also known as potager, are spaces that are used seasonally apart from the rest of the residential garden - ornamental plants and grass areas. Most vegetable gardens are still miniature versions of old family farm plots with rectangular or rectangular beds, but kitchen gardens differ not only in its history but also in design.

Kitchen gardens may be a landscape feature that can be a key feature of the ornamental landscape throughout the season, but it can be more than just a simple vegetable plot. It is a source of herbs, vegetables, fruits, and flowers, but also a structured garden space, design based on repetitive geometric patterns.

The kitchen garden has a year-round visual appeal and can incorporate permanent perennials or woody plants around (or in between) annual crops.

Shakespeare Park

Shakespeare Park is a theme park that cultivates plants mentioned in William Shakespeare's work. In English-speaking countries, especially the United States, this is often a public park associated with Shakespeare parks, universities, and festivals. Shakespeare Park is a cultural, educational, and romantic floral site and can be a location for outdoor weddings.

The near plant marks usually provide relevant citations. Shakespeare Gardens usually includes several dozen species, either in the herbaceous profession or in geometric layouts with boxwood dividers. The public facilities are sidewalks and benches and a weatherproof Shakespeare sculpture. Shakespeare Park can accompany the reproduction of Elizabethan architecture. Some of Shakespeare's gardens also cultivate species typical of the Elizabethan period but are not mentioned in Shakespeare's drama or poetry.

Stone garden

A rock garden, also known as rockery or alpine park, is a type of park that has many uses of rocks or stones, along with native plants for rocky or alpine environments.

Rock garden plants tend to be small, both because many species are naturally small, and so as not to cover the rocks. They may grow in troughs (containers), or on the ground. Plants are usually the type that prefers well-drained soil and less water.

The ordinary form of a stone garden is a pile of stones, large and small, arranged aesthetically, and with a small gap in between, where the plant will take root. Some stone gardens incorporate bonsai.

Some stone gardens are designed and built to look like natural bedrock outcrops. The stones are aligned to suggest the bedding plots and the plants are often used to hide the joints between the stones. This type of stone garden is very popular in Victorian times, often designed and built by professional landscape architects. The same approach is sometimes used in modern campus or commercial landscapes, but can also be applied in smaller private parks.

Japanese rock park, in the west is often referred to as the Zen Garden, is a special stone garden type that contains several plants. The stone gardens have become increasingly popular as landscape features in tropical countries such as Thailand. The combination of wet weather and heavy shade trees, along with the use of heavy plastic coatings to stop unwanted plant growth, has made this type of arrangement ideal for residential and commercial parks due to easier maintenance and drainage.

Original garden

Natural landscaping, also called native gardening, is the use of indigenous plants, including trees, shrubs, groundcovers, and grasses derived from the park's geographic area.

The natural landscape is adapted to climate, geography, and hydrology and does not require pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation to be maintained, given that native plants have adapted and evolved to local conditions for thousands of years. However, this application may be necessary for some tree and other vegetation preventive treatments in areas of degraded or abundant landscapes.

The original plants are in keeping with the current interest in "low maintenance" maintenance and landscaping, with many enterprising and strong species that survive the winter and summer heat. Once formed, they can develop without irrigation or fertilization, and are resistant to most pests and diseases.

Many cities have quickly recognized the benefits of natural landscape due to budget constraints and the reduction of cities and the general public now benefit from the application of natural landscape techniques to conserve water and create more personal time.

Indigenous plants provide a suitable habitat for native species of butterflies, birds, pollinators, and other wildlife. They provide more variety in the garden by offering alternatives to species, cultivars, and invasive species that are often planted. Indigenous plants have evolved along with animals, fungi and microbes, to form a complex network of relationships. They are the foundation of their natural habitat and ecosystem, or natural community.

Such gardens often benefit from plants that are evolving and habituated to local climates, pests and herbivores, and soil conditions, and may require less to no soil amendments, irrigation, pesticides, and herbicides for lower maintenance, more sustainable.

East Asian Garden

Japanese and Korean gardens, initially influenced by Chinese gardens, can be found in Buddhist temples and historic sites, private homes, in neighborhoods or city parks, and in historic places such as Buddhist temples. Some of Japan's most famous parks in the Western world and Japan are parks in the tradition of karesansui (stone gardens). The temple garden of Ry-an-ji is a famous example. There is a Japanese garden with various styles, with planting and often evoke simplicity. In Japanese culture, garden making is a high art, closely related to the art of calligraphy and ink painting.

Contemporary garden

Contemporary styled gardens have gained popularity in the UK in the last 10 years. This is partly due to the increase in modern housing with small gardens as well as a cultural shift towards contemporary design. This garden style can be defined by using a 'clean' design line, with a focus on hard landscaping materials such as stone, hardwood, wall made. The style of planting is thick but simple with the use of drifts from one or two plants that repeat throughout the design. Grass is a very popular choice for this design style. Lighting effects also play an integral role in modern parks. Smooth lighting effects can be achieved by the use of low-voltage LED lights placed carefully into the paving and walls.

Residential garden

Household gardens or private domestic parks, are the most common form of gardens and close to residence, such as 'front garden' or 'back garden'. The front garden may be a formal and semi-public space and is subject to local convention and legal constraints. Although usually found in the yard, the garden can also be erected on the roof, in the atrium or courtyard, on the balcony, in the window, or on the terrace. Residential gardens are usually designed on a human scale, as they are most often meant for personal use. However, large garden houses or large estates may be larger than public parks.

Residential gardens may feature special gardens, such as gardens to showcase a particular plant species, or special features, such as rock or water features. They are also used for growing herbs and vegetables and are thus an essential element of sustainability.

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References

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